@article {9999,
	title = {Collaboration through superposition: How the IT artifact as an object of collaboration affords technical interdependence without organizational interdependence},
	journal = {MIS Quarterly},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2014},
	month = {3/2104},
	pages = {29-50},
	abstract = {This paper develops a theory of collaboration through superposition: the process of depositing separate layers on top of each other over time. The theory is developed in a study of development of community-based Free and Open Source Software (FLOSS), through a research arc of discovery (participant observation), replication (two archival case studies) and formalization (a model of developer choices). The theory explains two key findings: 1) the overwhelming majority of work is accomplished with only a single programmer working on a task and 2) when tasks appear too large for an individual they are more likely to be deferred until they are easier, rather than being undertaken through structured teamwork. It is theorized that this way of organizing is key to successful open collaboration where the IT artifact is the object of collaboration, because it allows the co-production of technically interdependent artifacts through motivationally interdependent work. The affordances of software as an object of collaboration are used as a framework to analyze efforts to learn from FLOSS in other domains of work and in the IS function of for-profit organizations.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	url = {http://misq.org/collaboration-through-open-superposition.html},
	author = {Howison, James and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2014,
	title = {Design of an Active Learning System with Human Correction for Content Analysis},
	booktitle = {Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces, 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	address = {Baltimore, MD},
	abstract = {Our research investigation focuses on the role of humans in supplying corrected examples in active learning cycles, an important aspect of deploying active learning in practice. In this paper, we discuss sampling strategies and sampling sizes in setting up an active learning system for human experiments in the task of content analysis, which involves labeling concepts in large volumes of text. The cost of conducting comprehensive human subject studies to experimentally determine the effects of sampling sizes and sampling sizes is high. To reduce those costs, we first applied an active learning simulation approach to test the effect of different sampling strategies and sampling sizes on machine learning (ML) performance in order to select a smaller set of parameters to be evaluated in human subject studies.},
	author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Digital assemblages: Evidence and theorizing from the computerization of the U.S. residential real estate industry},
	journal = {New Technology, Work and Employment},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	month = {3/2014},
	pages = {40-56},
	abstract = {The contribution of this paper is to theorize on the roles information and communication technologies (ICT) play in reshaping work arrangements and specifically to advance the concept of a digital assemblage as a lens for this analysis. We pursue an alternative conceptualization of the role of ICT: computerization. The fundamental premise of computerization is that actors are embedded in transactions and that ICT are taken up and used to support this embedding rather than for purposes of strict economic rationality. This work draws on data from a study of the U.S. residential real estate industry, which serves here as a {\textquotedblleft}living laboratory{\textquotedblright} for studying information-intensive industries.},
	doi = {10.1111/ntwe.12020},
	author = {Steve Sawyer and Kevin Crowston and Wigand, Rolf}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Exploring data quality in games with a purpose},
	year = {2014},
	month = {3/2014},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	abstract = {A key problem for crowd-sourcing systems is motivating contributions from participants and ensuring the quality of these contributions. Games have been suggested as a motivational approach to encourage contribution, but attracting participation through game play rather than scientific interest raises concerns about the quality of the data provided, which is particularly important when the data are to be used for scientific research. To assess whether these concerns are justified, we compare the quality of data obtained from two citizen science games, one a {\textquotedblleft}gamified{\textquotedblright} version of a species classification task and one a fantasy game that used the classification task only as a way to advance in the game play. Surprisingly, though we did observe cheating in the fantasy game, data quality (i.e., classification accuracy) from participants in the two games was not significantly different. As well, the quality of data from short-time contributors was at a usable level of accuracy. These findings suggest that various approaches to gamification can be useful for motivating contributions to citizen science projects.},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan R. and Kevin Crowston and Wang, Jun}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Group maintenance in technology-supported distributed teams},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2014},
	month = {4/2014},
	pages = {297-309},
	abstract = {In this paper we investigate group maintenance behavior in community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Adopting a sociolinguistic perspective, we conceptualize group maintenance behavior as interpersonal communication tactics{\textemdash}specifically, social presence and politeness tactics{\textemdash}that help maintain relationships among group members. Developer email messages were collected from two FLOSS projects with different development status and content-analyzed to identify frequently-used group maintenance tactics. We then compared the two projects on the group maintenance tactics used, finding differences that reflect changes in the project work practices. Our work contributes theoretically to FLOSS research and has practical implications for FLOSS practitioners.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.im.2014.02.001},
	author = {Wei, Kangning and Kevin Crowston and Li, Na and Heckman, Robert}
}
@conference {2014,
	title = {Optimizing Features in Active Machine Learning for Complex Qualitative Content Analysis},
	booktitle = {Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science, 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	address = {Baltimore, MD},
	abstract = {We propose a semi-automatic approach for content analysis that leverages machine learning (ML) being initially trained on a small set of hand-coded data to perform a first pass in coding, and then have human annotators correct machine annotations in order to produce more examples to retrain the existing model incrementally for better performance. In this {\textquotedblleft}active learning{\textquotedblright} approach, it is equally important to optimize the creation of the initial ML model given less training data so that the model is able to capture most if not all positive examples, and filter out as many negative examples as possible for human annotators to correct. This paper reports our attempt to optimize the initial ML model through feature exploration in a complex content analysis project that uses a multidimensional coding scheme, and contains codes with sparse positive examples. While different codes respond optimally to different combinations of features, we show that it is possible to create an optimal initial ML model using only a single combination of features for codes with at least 100 positive examples in the gold standard corpus.},
	author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Shichun Zhou and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Planet Hunters and Seafloor Explorers: Legitimate Peripheral Participation Through Practice Proxies in Online Citizen Science},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2/2014},
	abstract = {Making the traces of user participation in primary activities visible in online crowdsourced initiatives has been shown to help new users understand the norms of participation but participants do not always have access to others{\textquoteright} work. Through a combination of virtual and trace ethnography we explore how new users in two online citizen science projects engage other traces of activity as a way of compensating. Merging the theory of legitimate peripheral participation with Erickson and Kellogg{\textquoteright}s theory of social translucence we introduce the concept of practice proxies; traces of user activities in online environment that act as resources to orient newcomers towards the norms of practice. Our findings suggest that newcomers seek out practice proxies in the social features of the projects that highlight contextualized and specific characteristics of primary work practice.},
	author = {Gabriel Mugar and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Katie DeVries Hassman and Kevin Crowston and Corey Brian Jackson}
}
@conference {2014,
	title = {Semi-Automatic Content Analysis of Qualitative Data},
	booktitle = {iConference},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {568,
	title = {Boundary-Spanning Documents in Online FLOSS Communities: Does One Size Fit All?},
	year = {2013},
	month = {1/2013},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	author = {{\O}sterlund, Carsten and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {Crowston:2013,
	title = {Motivation and data quality in a citizen science game: A design science evaluation},
	booktitle = {Forty-sixth Hawai{\textquoteright}i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-46)},
	year = {2013},
	month = {1/2013},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Prestopnik, Nathan R.}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {The motivational arc of massive virtual collaboration},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {motivation},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Fagnot, Isabelle}
}
@proceedings {2013,
	title = {Open Source Software Adoption: A Technological Innovation Perspective},
	year = {2013},
	month = {5/2013},
	address = {Lyon, France},
	abstract = {This research-in-progress aims to indentify the salient factors explaining adoption of open source software (OSS), as a technological innovation. The theoretical background of the paper is based on the technological innovation literature. We choose to focus on the open ERP case, as it is considered as a promising innovation for firms {\textendash} especially medium firms - but open ERP also faces numerous challenges. The paper provides a framework and a method for investigation that has to be implemented.},
	keywords = {open source},
	url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2244222},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Fran{\c c}ois Deltour and Nicolas Jullien}
}
@article {646,
	title = {Sustainability of Open Collaborative Communities: Analyzing Recruitment Efficiency},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {20{\textendash}26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Extensive research has been conducted over the past years to improve our understanding of sustainability conditions for large-scale collaborative projects, especially from an economic and governance perspective. However, the influence of recruitment and retention of participants in these projects has received comparatively less attention from researchers. Nevertheless, these concerns are significant for practitioners, especially regarding the apparently decreasing ability of the main open online projects to attract and retain new contributors. A possible explanation for this decrease is that those projects have simply reached a mature state of development. Marwell and Oliver (1993) and Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) note that, at the initial stage in collective projects, participants are few and efforts are costly; in the diffusion phase, the number of participants grows, as their efforts are rewarding; and in the mature phase, some inefficiency may appear as the number of contributors is greater than required for the work. In this article, we examine this possibility. We use original data from 36 Wikipedias in different languages to compare their efficiency in recruiting participants. We chose Wikipedia because the different language projects are at different states of development, but are quite comparable on the other aspects, providing a test of the impact of development on efficiency. Results confirm that most of the largest Wikipedias seem to be characterized by a reduced return to scale. As a result, we can draw interesting conclusions that can be useful for practitioners, facilitators, and managers of collaborative projects in order to identify key factors potentially influencing the adequate development of their communities over the medium-to-long term.},
	keywords = {DEA modeling, efficiency, recruitment, Wikipedia},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/646},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Jullien and Felipe Ortega}
}
@proceedings {438,
	title = {Is Wikipedia Inefficient? Modelling Effort and Participation in Wikipedia},
	year = {2013},
	month = {1/2013},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1960696},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Jullien and Felipe Ortega}
}
@article {1082,
	title = {Amazon Mechanical Turk: A Research Tool for Organizations and Information Systems Scholars},
	volume = {389},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {210-221},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {Amazon Mechanical Turk, crowd sourcing, research methods},
	isbn = {978-3-642-35141-9},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-35142-6_14},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35142-6_14},
	author = {Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Bhattacherjee, Anol and Brian Fitzgerald}
}
@proceedings {crowston2012,
	title = {Amazon Mechanical Turk: A research tool for organizations and information systems scholars},
	volume = {389},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {210-221},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Tampa, FL},
	isbn = {978-3-642-35141-9},
	issn = {1868-4238},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-35141-9},
	author = {Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Bhattacherjee, Anol and Brian Fitzgerald}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Citizen science system assemblages: Understanding the technologies that support crowdsourced science},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2/2012},
	address = {Toronto, Ontario},
	abstract = {We explore the nature of technologies to support citizen science, a method of inquiry that leverages the power of crowds to collect and analyze scientific data. We evaluate these technologies as system assemblages, collections of interrelated functionalities that support specific activities in pursuit of overall project goals. The notion of system assemblages helps us to explain how different citizen science platforms may be comprised of widely varying functionalities, yet still support relatively similar goals. Related concepts of build vs. buy and web satisfiers vs. web motivators are used to explore how different citizen science functionalities may lead to successful project outcomes. Four detailed case studies of current citizen science projects encompassing a cross-section of varying project sizes, resource levels, technologies, and approaches to inquiry help us to answer the following research questions: 1) What do typical system assemblages for citizen science look like? 2) What factors influence the composition of a system assemblage for citizen science? 3) What effect does the assemblage composition have on scientific goals, participant support, motivation, and satisfaction? and 4) What are the design implications for the system assemblage perspective on citizen science technologies?},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan R. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {Crowston:2009,
	title = {Free/Libre Open Source Software Development: What we know and what we do not know},
	journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	edition = {2},
	abstract = {We review the empirical research on Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and assess the state of the literature. We develop a framework for organizing the literature based on the input-mediator-output- input (IMOI) model from the small groups literature. We present a quantitative summary of articles selected for the review and then discuss findings of this literature categorized into issues pertaining to inputs (e.g., member characteristics, technology use and project characteristics), processes (software development and social processes), emergent states (e.g., trust and task related states) and outputs (e.g. team performance, FLOSS implementation and project evolution). Based on this review, we suggest topics for future research, as well as identifying methodological and theoretical issues for future inquiry in this area, including issues relating to sampling and the need for more longitudinal studies.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	doi = {10.1145/2089125.2089127},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Wei, Kangning and Howison, James and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {298{\textendash}304},
	abstract = {Citizen science creates a nexus between science and education that, when coupled with emerging technologies, expands the frontiers of ecological research and public engagement. Using representative technologies and other examples, we examine the future of citizen science in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. Future citizen-science projects will likely be influenced by sociocultural issues related to new technologies and will continue to face practical programmatic challenges. We foresee networked, open science and the use of online computer/video gaming as important tools to engage non-traditional audiences, and offer recommendations to help prepare project managers for impending challenges. A more formalized citizen-science enterprise, complete with networked organizations, associations, journals, and cyberinfrastructure, will advance scientific research, including ecology, and further public education.},
	issn = {1540-9295},
	doi = {10.1890/110294},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/110294},
	author = {Newman, Greg and Wiggins, Andrea and Crall, Alycia and Graham, Eric and Newman, Sarah and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {2012,
	title = {Goals and tasks: Two typologies of citizen science projects},
	year = {2012},
	month = {1/2012},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. We conducted a survey of citizen science projects to elicit multiple aspects of project design and operation. We then clustered projects based on the tasks performed by participants and on the project{\textquoteright}s stated goals. The clustering results group projects that show similarities along other dimensions, suggesting useful divisions of the projects.},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {Watson-Manheim:2012,
	title = {Innovation in academic-industry partnerships: Measuring the challenges to effective performance},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference, Technology and Innovation Management Division},
	year = {2012},
	month = {8/2012},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Watson-Manheim, Mary-Beth and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {440,
	title = {Knowledge Portals: Components, Functionalities, and Deployment Challenges},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	address = {Orlando, FL},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Claudia L{\"o}bbecke}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Perceived discontinuities and constructed continuities in virtual work},
	journal = {Information Systems Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {29-52},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2575.2011.00371.x},
	author = {Watson-Manheim, Mary Beth and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@unpublished {2012,
	title = {Poster: Socially intelligent computing for coding of qualitative data},
	year = {2012},
	month = {6/2012},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	type = {Unpublished poster, presented at the SOCS PIs meeting},
	address = {Syracuse, NY},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and McCracken, Nancy}
}
@unpublished {2012,
	title = {Poster: Socially intelligent computing to support citizen science},
	year = {2012},
	month = {6/2012},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	type = {Unpublished poster, presented at the SOCS PIs meeting},
	address = {Syracuse, NY},
	author = {Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {Prestopnik:2012a,
	title = {Purposeful gaming \& socio-computational systems: A citizen science design case},
	booktitle = {Group {\textquoteright}12 Conference},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	address = {Sanibel Island, FL, USA},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2012,
	title = {Team dynamics in long-standing technology-supported virtual teams},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Organizational Behaviour Division},
	year = {2012},
	month = {8/2012},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Misiolek, Nora and Kevin Crowston and Joshua Seymour}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Using natural language processing for qualitative data analysis},
	journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	chapter = {523-543},
	abstract = {Social researchers often apply qualitative research methods to study groups and their communications artefacts. The use of computer-mediated communications has dramatically increased the volume of text available, but coding such text requires considerable manual effort. We discuss how systems that process text in human languages (i.e., natural language processing, NLP) might partially automate content analysis by extracting theoretical evidence. We present a case study of the use of NLP for qualitative analysis in which the NLP rules showed good performance on a number of codes. With the current level of performance, use of an NLP system could reduce the amount of text to be examined by a human coder by an order of magnitude or more, potentially increasing the speed of coding by a comparable degree. The paper is significant as it is one of the first to demonstrate the use of high-level NLP techniques for qualitative data analysis.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, NLP},
	doi = {10.1080/13645579.2011.625764},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Heckman, Robert}
}
@conference {368,
	title = {Boundary-spanning documents in online communities (Research-in-Progress)},
	booktitle = {International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	address = {Shanghai, China},
	abstract = {Online communities bring together people with varied access to and understanding of the work at hand, who must collaborate through documents of various kinds. We develop a framework articulating the characteristics of documents supporting collaborators with asymmetric access to knowledge versus those with symmetric knowledge. Drawing on theories about document genre, boundary objects and provenance, we hypothesize that documents supporting asymmetric groups are likely to articulate or prescribe their own 1) purpose, 2) context of use and 3) content and form and 4) provenance in greater detail than documents used by people with symmetric access to knowledge. We are testing these hypotheses through content analysis of documents and instructions from a variety of free/libre open source projects. We present preliminary findings consistent with the hypotheses developed. The completed study will suggest new directions for research on communications in online communities, as well as advice for those supporting such communities.},
	keywords = {boundary objects, Documents, Genre, Online communities, provenance},
	author = {{\O}sterlund, Carsten and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {418,
	title = {A capability maturity model for scientific data management: Evidence from the literature},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Qin, Jian}
}
@article {374,
	title = {Citizen science system assemblages: Toward greater understanding of technologies to support crowdsourced science},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	type = {Unpublished working paper},
	abstract = {We explore the nature of technologies to support citizen science, a method of inquiry that leverages the power of crowds to collect and analyze scientific data. We evaluate these technologies as system assemblages, collections of interrelated functionalities that support specific activities in pursuit of overall project goals. The notion of system assemblages helps us to explain how different citizen science platforms may be comprised of widely varying functionalities, yet still support relatively similar goals. Related concepts of build vs. buy, support for science vs. support for participants, and web satisfiers vs. web motivators are used to explore how different citizen science functionalities may lead to successful project outcomes. Four detailed case studies of current citizen science projects encompassing a cross-section of varying project sizes, resource levels, technologies, and approaches to inquiry help us to answer the following research questions: 1) What factors influence the composition of a system assemblage for citizen science? 2) What do typical system assemblages for citizen science look like? 3) What effect does the assemblage composition have on scientific goals, participant support, motivation, and satisfaction? and 4) What are the design implications for the system assemblage perspective on citizen science technologies?},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, Design Science, system assemblages},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {192,
	title = {Citizen Science System Assemblages: Toward Greater Understanding of Technologies to Support Crowdsourced Science},
	year = {2011},
	month = {6/2011},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, system assemblages},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan and Kevin Crowston}
}
@unpublished {9999,
	title = {Decision-making processes and team performance in self-organizing virtual teams: The case of Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Effective decision making is critical to team effectiveness. We examine decision making in the setting of self-organizing virtual teams, a setting that we expect to pose particular problems for effective decision making. A self-organizing team must develop effective practices in the absence of a formal organizational structure that guides the practices. A virtual team{\textquoteright}s reliance on technological support to span temporal and organizational discontinuities makes an effective decision-making process more difficult to achieve. We examine decision-making processes and their relation to team performance in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams, chosen as extreme examples of self-organizing virtual teams. We identified six paths that describe the decision-making process. Further analysis revealed that diversity in decision-making paths appeared to be related to differences in task types and group performance. The study provides insight into decision making in FLOSS teams and has implications for decision making in self-organizing virtual teams more generally.},
	author = {Wei, Kangning and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Li, Qing}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Describing public participation in scientific research},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	abstract = {We report the results of a descriptive survey of citizen science projects, a form of scientific collaboration engaging members of the public with professional researchers. This phenomenon has seen explosive growth in recent years and is garnering interest from a broadening variety of research domains. However, the lack of adequate description of this diverse population hinders useful research. To address this gap, we conducted a survey of citizen science projects. We present a description of the phenomenon to establish a basis for sampling and evaluation of research on citizen science, including details on project resources, participation, technologies, goals, and outcomes. We then reflect on several points of potential development, including technologies to support participation, potential for expanding engagement, and data policies. The diverse organizational and functional arrangements in citizen science projects suggest a variety of areas for future research.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@unpublished {9999,
	title = {Digital assemblages: Evidence and theorizing from the computerization of the U.S. residential real estate industry},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {We theorize on industry-level computerization by drawing data from on-going empirical study of the United States{\textquoteright} residential real estate industry begun in 1997. Real estate serves us here as a "living laboratory" for studying information-intensive economic activity. In lieu of standard economic analyses, we advance computerization as the analytic framework for this study because it focuses attention to the take up and uses of information and communication technologies (ICT) in conjunction with related socio-economic changes. We find, as might be expected, that with the increased use of ICT real estate agents are less involved as information intermediaries and yet are more deeply embedded into the processes of buying and selling of houses: they are more socially embedded. We find, as expected, that uses of ICT are now pervasive in this industry. However, the ways in which these ICT are used help agents to embed themselves more deeply into the transacting of real estate rather than serving as vehicles for disintermediation. Building from these findings we theorize on the ways in which social embedding supports economic transactions. And, we theorize the ways in which ICT are brought together and used can more coherently understood as a {\textquoteright}digital assemblage{\textquoteright} than as some sort of formal information system or particular technology. Our conceptualization of a digital assemblage is characterized by distinct patterns of ICT collections that, in use, are functionally equivalent and structurally similar, relying on standardized and commodified ICT.},
	author = {Steve Sawyer and Kevin Crowston and Rolf T. Wigand}
}
@unpublished {9999,
	title = {Exploring Collective Intelligence Games With Design Science: A Citizen Science Design Case},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of collective intelligence where members of the public are recruited to contribute to scientific investigations. Citizen science projects often use web-based systems to support collaborative scientific activities, but finding ways to attract participants and confirm the veracity of the data produced by non-scientists are key research questions. We describe a series of web-based tools and games currently under development to support taxonomic classification of organisms in photographs collected by citizen science projects. In the design science tradition, the systems are purpose-built to test hypotheses about participant motivation and techniques for ensuring data quality. Findings from preliminary evaluation and the design process itself are discussed.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, Design Science, Games},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Hawai{\textquoteright}i International Conference on System Science (HICSS-44)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {1/2011},
	address = {Koloa, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types{\textemdash}Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education{\textemdash}that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {Gaming for (citizen) science: Exploring motivation and data quality in the context of crowdsourced science through the design and evaluation of a social-computational system},
	booktitle = {{\textquotedblleft}Computing for Citizen Science{\textquotedblright} workshop at the IEEE eScience Conference},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	abstract = {In this paper, an ongoing design research project is described. Citizen Sort, currently under development, is a web-based social-computational system designed to support a citizen science task, the taxonomic classification of various insect, animal, and plant species. In addition to supporting this natural science objective, the Citizen Sort platform will also support information science research goals on the nature of motivation for social-computation and citizen science. In particular, this research program addresses the use of games to motivate participation in social-computational citizen science, and explores the effects of system design on motivation and data quality. A design science approach, where IT artifacts are developed to solve problems and answer research questions is described. Research questions, progress on Citizen Sort planning and implementation, and key challenges are discussed.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, data quality, Design, Design Science, Games, Gaming, motivation, Participation, Social Computational Systems},
	url = {http://itee.uq.edu.au/~eresearch/workshops/compcitsci2011/index.html},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan R. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {369,
	title = {Integrated Customer-Focused Knowledge Portals: Design Challenges and Empirical Approaches},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference, OCIS Division},
	year = {2011},
	month = {8/2011},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	abstract = {Knowledge Portals (KPs) are highly integrative Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) that promise to synthesize widely dispersed knowledge and to interconnect individuals by functioning as a {\textquoteright}one-stop knowledge shop{\textquoteright}. Yet, in practice, KPs face major challenges, which are for the most part due to the intricacies of knowledge exchange being subjected to multi-faceted individual and social factors. At the same time, growing anecdotal evidence from case studies indicates KPs{\textquoteright} enormous potential. This paper makes an effort to more distinctly conceptualize KPs and emphasize a KP{\textquoteright}s role to unify networking and repository KMS features. The paper develops three major challenges to successful KP deployment, namely (1) knowledge integration, (2) sufficient participation, and (3) favorable organizational culture and validates these as applicable to KP through a review of 42 empirical papers. The paper concludes with suggestions towards a set of design principles for KP.},
	author = {Claudia L{\"o}bbecke and Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Friederici}
}
@article {1061,
	title = {Lessons from Volunteering and Free/Libre Open Source Software Development for the Future of Work},
	volume = {356},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {215-229},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {coordination, Free/libre open source software, motivation, visibility of work, volunteering},
	isbn = {978-3-642-21363-2},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_14},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_14},
	author = {Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Chiasson, Mike and Ola Henfridsson and Helena Karsten and DeGross, JaniceI.}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Lessons from volunteering and free/libre open source software development for the future of work},
	year = {2011},
	month = {6/2011},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Turku, Finland},
	author = {Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {Mechanisms for Data Quality and Validation in Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {"Computing for Citizen Science" workshop at the IEEE eScience Conference},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	abstract = {Data quality is a primary concern for researchers employing public participation in scientific research, or {\textquotedblleft}citizen science,{\textquotedblright} to accomplish data collection and analysis tasks. This mode of scientific collaboration relies on contributions from a large, often unknown population of volunteers with widely variable expertise. In this paper, we review the commonly employed mechanisms for ensuring data quality. We also discuss results of a survey of citizen science projects that reports on the use of some of these mechanisms, noting that it is most common for projects to employ multiple mechanisms to ensure data quality and appropriate levels of validation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, data quality, data validation},
	url = {http://itee.uq.edu.au/~eresearch/workshops/compcitsci2011/index.html},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Newman, Greg and Stevenson, Robert D. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Participation in ICT-Enabled Meetings},
	journal = {Journal of Organizational and End User Computing},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {15{\textendash}36},
	abstract = {Meetings are a common occurrence in contemporary organizations, and almost everyone shares an understanding of what a meeting is and what participation in a meeting looks like. Yet our exploratory study at Intel, an innovative global technology company, suggests that meetings are evolving beyond this familiar perspective as the pervasive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) changes work practices associated with meetings. Drawing on data gathered from interviews prompted by entries in the employees{\textquoteright} electronic calendar system, we examine the multiple ways in which meetings build and reflect work in the organization and derive propositions to guide future research. Specifically, we identified four aspects of meetings that reflect work in the 21st century: meetings are integral to work in team-centered organizations, tension between group and personal objectives, discontinuities, and ICT support for fragmented work environment.},
	keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication, Information Technology},
	doi = {10.4018/joeuc.2011040102},
	author = {Chudoba, Katherine M. and Watson-Manheim, Mary Beth and Kevin Crowston and Lee, Chei Sian}
}
@unpublished {439,
	title = {Stigmergy and Implicit Coordination in Software Development},
	year = {2011},
	author = {Howison, James and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Kevin Crowston and Bolici, Francesco}
}
@proceedings {417,
	title = {Technology adoption and use: Theory review for studying scientists{\textquoteright} continued use of cyber-infrastructure},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	abstract = {In this paper, we seek to identify factors that might increase the likelihood of adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure by scientists. To do so, we review the main research on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption and use by addressing research problems, theories and models used, findings, and limitations. We focus particularly on the individual user perspective. We categorize previous studies into two groups: Adoption research and post-adoption (continued use) research. In addition, we review studies specifically regarding cyber-infrastructure adoption and use by scientists and other special user groups. We identify the limitations of previous theories, models and research findings appearing in the literature related to our current interest in scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure. We synthesize the previous theories and models used for ICT adoption and use, and then we develop a theoretical framework for studying scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and use of cyber-infrastructure. We also proposed a research design based on the research model developed. Implications for researchers and practitioners are provided.},
	author = {Kim, Youngseek and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Validity issues in the use of social network analysis with digital trace data},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	chapter = {Article 2},
	abstract = {There is an exciting natural match between social network analysis methods and the growth of data sources produced by social interactions via information technologies, from online communities to corporate information systems. Information Systems researchers have not been slow to embrace this combination of method and data. Such systems increasingly provide "digital trace data" that provide new research opportunities. Yet digital trace data are substantively different from the survey and interview data for which network analysis measures and interpretations were originally developed. This paper examines ten validity issues associated with the combination of data digital trace data and social network analysis methods, with examples from the IS literature, to provide recommendations for improving the validity of research using this combination.},
	keywords = {Information System, Social Network Analysis, Virtuality},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol12/iss12/2/},
	author = {Howison, James and Kevin Crowston and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@proceedings {2011,
	title = {What characterizes documents that bridge boundaries compared to documents that do not? An exploratory study of documentation in FLOSS teams},
	year = {2011},
	month = {1/2011},
	edition = {44th},
	keywords = {Documents, FLOSS, Genre},
	author = {{\O}sterlund, Carsten and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {Work as coordination and coordination as work: A process perspective on FLOSS development projects},
	booktitle = {Third International Symposium on Process Organization Studies},
	year = {2011},
	month = {6/2011},
	address = {Corfu, Greece},
	url = {http://www.process-symposium.com/},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Howison, James and Bolici, Francesco}
}
@article {588,
	title = {Open Access Publishing to Nurture the Sprouts of Knowledge and the Future of Information Systems Research},
	journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {509-522},
	keywords = {academic journals, ePrints, mass collaboration, online repositories, Open Access, scholarly publishing, Sprouts, working papers},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol24/iss1/30/},
	author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Avital, M and Lyytinen, K and Bj{\"o}rk, B-C and Boland, R and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {384,
	title = {Competency Rallying Processes in Virtual Organizations},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {67 - 83},
	abstract = {Firms face an environment changing at an increasingly rapid pace. Unfortunately, the speed at which organizations can adapt their strategies and competencies to exploit such opportunities remains limited. In this paper we weave together an external perspective on market-facing with an internal perspective on competency development and marshalling to describe the organizational activities necessary for firms to cooperate within a virtual organization. We argue that firms can address their individual limitations through a systematic process that we call {\textquotedblleft}competence rallying,{\textquotedblright} with which they can access market opportunities and additional needed competencies. Specifically, we present a local process theory of how one network of firms reliably engineers and delivers manufacturing projects using an inter-organizational process that works to meet short-term market opportunities. Our theory is grounded in the experiences of the Virtuelle Fabrik project, an organized network for regional cooperation in the manufacturing industry around the Bodensee in Europe. The success of manufacturing projects in a virtual organization is predicated on specific organizational activities in four phases of the competence rallying process: 1) identification and development of competencies, 2) identification and facing of market opportunities, 3) marshalling of competencies, and 4) a short-term cooperative effort.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_7},
	author = {Katzy, Bernard and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {310,
	title = {A Structurational Perspective on Leadership in Virtual Teams},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {151 - 168},
	abstract = {Building on behavioural leadership theory and structuration theory, we present a two-order theory of leadership. It describes four classes of first-order leadership behaviours (task coordination, substantive task contribution, group maintenance and boundary spanning) and defines second-order leadership as behaviour that influences changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership and is therefore action embedded and grounded in processes that define the social identity of the group. We propose that effective virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_12},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Virtuality and Virtualization},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s rapidly changing global work environment, all workers directly experience increased organizational complexity. Companies are functionally distributed, many across the globe. Intense competition for markets and margins makes adaptiveness and innovation imperative. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are pervasive and fundamental infrastructures, their use deeply integrated into work processes. Workers collaborate electronically with co-workers they may never meet face-to-face or with employees of other companies. New boundaries of time, space, business unit, culture, company partnerships, and software tools are driving the adoption of a variety of novel organizational forms. On a macro-level, these changes have started to reshape society, leading some to speak of the {\textquotedblleft}Network Society{\textquotedblright} and the {\textquotedblleft}Information Age.{\textquotedblright}},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_1},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Sandra Sieber}
}
@article {245,
	title = {Information Systems in Organizations and Society: Speculating on the Next 25 Years of Research},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {35 - 52},
	abstract = {The community of scholars focused on information systems in organizations and society (the IFIP 8.2 community) has grown in number, voice, and influence over the last 25 years. What will this community contribute during the next 25 years? We speculate on two possible areas: more articulate conceptualizations of information systems and more detailed socio-technical theories of their effects. For both of these possibilities, we project forward from the historical trajectory of the IFIP 8.2 community{\textquoteright}s involvement. Like all speculative scholarship, our argumentation is more about imagining possible directions than arguing the superiority of one particular view relative to all others. This considered speculation is directed at both stirring the community{\textquoteright}s collective mind and advancing the value of this community{\textquoteright}s work to interested others.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_3},
	author = {Steve Sawyer and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {844,
	title = {Information Technology and the Transformation of Industries: Three Research Perspectives},
	journal = {Journal of Strategic Information Systems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {5-28},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Michael D. Myers}
}
@article {902,
	title = {Will real estate agents survive? The transformation of the real estate industry by information technology},
	journal = {University of Auckland Business Review},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {38-50},
	author = {Michael D. Myers and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Crowston00,
	title = {Process as Theory in Information Systems Research},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {149-166},
	author = {Kevin Crowston}
}
