@article {Crowston:2009,
	title = {Free/Libre Open Source Software Development: What we know and what we do not know},
	journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	edition = {2},
	abstract = {We review the empirical research on Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and assess the state of the literature. We develop a framework for organizing the literature based on the input-mediator-output- input (IMOI) model from the small groups literature. We present a quantitative summary of articles selected for the review and then discuss findings of this literature categorized into issues pertaining to inputs (e.g., member characteristics, technology use and project characteristics), processes (software development and social processes), emergent states (e.g., trust and task related states) and outputs (e.g. team performance, FLOSS implementation and project evolution). Based on this review, we suggest topics for future research, as well as identifying methodological and theoretical issues for future inquiry in this area, including issues relating to sampling and the need for more longitudinal studies.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	doi = {10.1145/2089125.2089127},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Wei, Kangning and Howison, James and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {298{\textendash}304},
	abstract = {Citizen science creates a nexus between science and education that, when coupled with emerging technologies, expands the frontiers of ecological research and public engagement. Using representative technologies and other examples, we examine the future of citizen science in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. Future citizen-science projects will likely be influenced by sociocultural issues related to new technologies and will continue to face practical programmatic challenges. We foresee networked, open science and the use of online computer/video gaming as important tools to engage non-traditional audiences, and offer recommendations to help prepare project managers for impending challenges. A more formalized citizen-science enterprise, complete with networked organizations, associations, journals, and cyberinfrastructure, will advance scientific research, including ecology, and further public education.},
	issn = {1540-9295},
	doi = {10.1890/110294},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/110294},
	author = {Newman, Greg and Wiggins, Andrea and Crall, Alycia and Graham, Eric and Newman, Sarah and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {2012,
	title = {Goals and tasks: Two typologies of citizen science projects},
	year = {2012},
	month = {1/2012},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. We conducted a survey of citizen science projects to elicit multiple aspects of project design and operation. We then clustered projects based on the tasks performed by participants and on the project{\textquoteright}s stated goals. The clustering results group projects that show similarities along other dimensions, suggesting useful divisions of the projects.},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Describing public participation in scientific research},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	abstract = {We report the results of a descriptive survey of citizen science projects, a form of scientific collaboration engaging members of the public with professional researchers. This phenomenon has seen explosive growth in recent years and is garnering interest from a broadening variety of research domains. However, the lack of adequate description of this diverse population hinders useful research. To address this gap, we conducted a survey of citizen science projects. We present a description of the phenomenon to establish a basis for sampling and evaluation of research on citizen science, including details on project resources, participation, technologies, goals, and outcomes. We then reflect on several points of potential development, including technologies to support participation, potential for expanding engagement, and data policies. The diverse organizational and functional arrangements in citizen science projects suggest a variety of areas for future research.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {2011,
	title = {Design for Citizen Science Workshop Report},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	type = {Workshop Report},
	address = {Syracuse, NY},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Hawai{\textquoteright}i International Conference on System Science (HICSS-44)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {1/2011},
	address = {Koloa, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types{\textemdash}Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education{\textemdash}that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {Mechanisms for Data Quality and Validation in Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {"Computing for Citizen Science" workshop at the IEEE eScience Conference},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	abstract = {Data quality is a primary concern for researchers employing public participation in scientific research, or {\textquotedblleft}citizen science,{\textquotedblright} to accomplish data collection and analysis tasks. This mode of scientific collaboration relies on contributions from a large, often unknown population of volunteers with widely variable expertise. In this paper, we review the commonly employed mechanisms for ensuring data quality. We also discuss results of a survey of citizen science projects that reports on the use of some of these mechanisms, noting that it is most common for projects to employ multiple mechanisms to ensure data quality and appropriate levels of validation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, data quality, data validation},
	url = {http://itee.uq.edu.au/~eresearch/workshops/compcitsci2011/index.html},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Newman, Greg and Stevenson, Robert D. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Validity issues in the use of social network analysis with digital trace data},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	chapter = {Article 2},
	abstract = {There is an exciting natural match between social network analysis methods and the growth of data sources produced by social interactions via information technologies, from online communities to corporate information systems. Information Systems researchers have not been slow to embrace this combination of method and data. Such systems increasingly provide "digital trace data" that provide new research opportunities. Yet digital trace data are substantively different from the survey and interview data for which network analysis measures and interpretations were originally developed. This paper examines ten validity issues associated with the combination of data digital trace data and social network analysis methods, with examples from the IS literature, to provide recommendations for improving the validity of research using this combination.},
	keywords = {Information System, Social Network Analysis, Virtuality},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol12/iss12/2/},
	author = {Howison, James and Kevin Crowston and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
