@article {wingreen2020sourcesbitcoin,
	title = {Sources of Cryptocurrency Value Systems: The Case of Bitcoin},
	journal = {International Journal of Electronic Commerce},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {474{\textendash}496},
	publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
	issn = {1086-4415},
	doi = {10.1080/10864415.2020.1806469},
	author = {Wingreen, SC and Kavanagh, D and John Ennis, P and Miscione, G}
}
@article {1354,
	title = {Advancing to the Next Level: Caring for Evaluative Metrics Monsters in Academia and Healthcare},
	volume = {543},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {80-95},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	isbn = {978-3-030-04090-1},
	issn = {1868-4238},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8_7},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8},
	author = {Wallenburg, Iris and Kaltenbrunner, Wolfgang and Hammarfelt, Bj{\"o}rn and de Rijcke, Sarah and Bal, Roland},
	editor = {Schultze, Ulrike and Aanestad, Margunn and M{\"a}hring, Magnus and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Riemer, Kai}
}
@article {1360,
	title = {A Bestiary of Digital Monsters},
	volume = {543},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {177-190},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	isbn = {978-3-030-04090-1},
	issn = {1868-4238},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8_13},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8},
	author = {Douglas-Jones, Rachel and Burnett, John Mark and Cohn, Marisa and Gad, Christopher and Hockenhull, Michael and J{\o}rgensen, Bastian and Maguire, James and Ojala, Mace and Winthereik, Brit Ross},
	editor = {Schultze, Ulrike and Aanestad, Margunn and M{\"a}hring, Magnus and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Riemer, Kai}
}
@article {1355,
	title = {Hotspots and Blind Spots},
	volume = {543},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {96-109},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	isbn = {978-3-030-04090-1},
	issn = {1868-4238},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8_8},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04091-8},
	author = {Waardenburg, Lauren and Sergeeva, Anastasia and Huysman, Marleen},
	editor = {Schultze, Ulrike and Aanestad, Margunn and M{\"a}hring, Magnus and {\O}sterlund, Carsten and Riemer, Kai}
}
@booklet {miscione2018subthemeleadership,
	title = {Sub-theme 61: Smart and Liveable Cities: Organizing Urban Governance and Leadership},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Chaired Session},
	month = {Jul},
	publisher = {Tallinn, Estonia},
	abstract = {Contemporary narratives and discourses about managing, governing and developing cities could be divided into two competing streams. The first one (Smart Cities) is very prominent in mass media, tech companies and tech communities; whereas the second one (Liveable Cities) is mostly enacted on social media platforms, in cultural branding initiatives, social movements, grassroots initiatives, and (virtual) communities. Both streams struggle for getting a voice in the discourses as well as in mediascapes. Technology, planning and urban architecture have always been closely related in allowing and limiting both what can be controlled and what self-organizes and emerges in cities. Since the 1990s, urban and regional planning are enabled and constrained by information technologies and the narratives they become wrapped in. {\textquestiondown}Smart cities{\textquestiondown} and {\textquestiondown}liveable cities{\textquestiondown} make no exception since at least two distinct narratives polarize opinions and debates: one is derived from Spatial Data Infrastructures (top down, state led efforts); the other emerges from participation and user-generated content (social media, voluntary geographic information, e-governance systems, etc.). Smart cities seem to be leaning toward the former, but grass-root movements can be quite forceful in using alternative narratives and deploying technologies and open data accordingly. Cities can be analyzed as eco-systems that are emerging and developing in the context of global economy with new forms of organizing. In {\textquestiondown}city action nets{\textquestiondown}, organizing in general is an emergent property which illuminates new forms of connecting mechanisms (Czarniawska, 2002; 2014). Urban development is in this sense closely related to an understanding of leadership as social processes emerging through the interactions of multiple actors. {\textquestiondown}Relational leadership{\textquestiondown} (Uhl-Bien, 2006) and {\textquestiondown}distributed leadership{\textquestiondown} (Bolden, 2011) open up for self-organizing, thereby creating new opportunities in the way citizens are empowered when designing and co-creating their cities of today and tomorrow. In parallel, there is a search for new public governance approaches assembled by co-creative practices (Torfing \& Triantafillou, 2016). These approaches are often inspired by leadership concepts where leadership is seen as some kind of participatory democracy in democratic governance networks (S{\o}rensen \& Torfing, 2007). Urban research has also investigated avenues through which culture and creativity can raise the imaginative capability of citizens and harness opportunities tied to what can be called culture-driven growth. The success of co-creating urban strategies within and between the public sector, institutions, city administrations, political bodies, business, the civil society and not least the citizens seems very much dependent on a synthesis of bottom-up and top-down activities. This calls for a holistic approach that has the potential to foster involvement, to embrace both diversity and equality in communities and cities, and to cross institutional borders, e.g. by linking arts and other creative initiatives to co-creation (W{\r a}hlin et al., 2016). Our sub-theme is aiming at investigating the interrelation of the expected and the unexpected on the urban scale by looking at the sometimes surprising outcomes of the interplays of change and stability, innovation and technology, spaces and spacing, planning and creativity, organization and spontaneity. In order to broaden the predominant technological perspective on smart cities we invite theoretical as well as empirical papers investigating the role of all types of stakeholders when it comes to developing and enacting smart and livaeble cities. Papers may address, but are not limited to, research on the following themes and topics: Discursive construction of {\textquestiondown}Smart Cities{\textquestiondown}, {\textquestiondown}Agile Cities{\textquestiondown} and {\textquestiondown}Liveable Cities{\textquestiondown} Narrating and organizing the city in governance and organization Interplay between urban architecture, planning and organizing Interplay between urban governance, leadership and organizing Interplay between technology, communication and organizing The co-creative practices of new public governance The potential of creative, cultural and artistic interventions The (forgotten?) civil society and the (lost?) citizen References Bolden, R. (2011): {\textquestiondown}Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research.{\textquestiondown} International Journal of Management Reviews, 13, 251-269. Czarniawska, B. (2002): A Tale of Three Cities: Or the Glocalization of City Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Czarniawska, B. (2014): A theory of organizing. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. S{\o}rensen, E., \& Torfing, J. (eds.) (2007): Theories of Democratic Network Novernance. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Torfing, J., \& P. Triantafillou (eds.) (2016): Enhancing Public Innovation by Public Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Uhl-Bien, M. (2006): {\textquestiondown}Relational leadership theory: exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing.{\textquestiondown} Leadership Quarterly, 17, 654{\textquestiondown}676. W{\r a}hlin, N., Kapsali, M., N{\"a}sholm, M.H., \& Blomquist, T. (2016): Urban Strategies for Culture-Driven Growth: Co-Creating a European Capital of Culture. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.},
	author = {Miscione, G and Pogner, K-H and W{\r a}hlin, N}
}
@inbook {martinez2017aconditions,
	title = {A Geographic and Mixed Methods Approach to Capture Unequal Quality-of-Life Conditions},
	booktitle = {HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY WELL-BEING RESEARCH},
	series = {International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {385{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	organization = {SPRINGER},
	isbn = {978-94-024-0876-8},
	issn = {2468-7227},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-024-0878-2_20},
	author = {Martinez, J and Verplanke, J and Miscione, G},
	editor = {Phillips, R and Wong, C}
}
@article {1330,
	title = {A Developmental Perspective to Studying Objects in Robotic Surgery},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {229{\textendash}245},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {Drawing on interventionist activity theoretical approaches, this paper describes a method of self-confrontation as a way in which to study objects in technology-mediated practices. In addition to research interests, the aim of examining the objects is to develop the capacity of professionals and organizations to work and learn better in complex technology-mediated work. The method was applied in robotic surgery, in which instruments are tele-operated by a surgeon. The robot offers better, collective visualization of the area under surgical operation than previous techniques. In particular, the paper shows how objects were revealed and new objects emerged during the intervention. We suggest that activity theoretical developmental interventions such as self-confrontations may help understand the complexity and evolution of objects, and thus contribute to studies of technology and organizations.},
	isbn = {978-3-319-49733-4},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-49733-4_14},
	author = {Sepp{\"a}nen, Laura and Kloetzer, Laure and Riikonen, Jarno and Wahlstr{\"o}m, Mikael},
	editor = {Introna, Lucas and Kavanagh, Donncha and Kelly, S{\'e}amas and Orlikowski, Wanda and Scott, Susan}
}
@article {1223,
	title = {Research on information systems failures and successes: Status update and future directions},
	journal = {Information Systems Frontiers},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {143-157},
	type = {Journal Article},
	keywords = {change management is failure is implementation is success systems technochange work},
	doi = {10.1007/s10796-014-9500-y},
	author = {Yogesh K. Dwivedi and Wastell, David and Laumer, Sven and Henriksen, Helle Zinner and Michael D. Myers and Deborah Bunker and Elbanna, Amany and Ravishankar, M N and Srivastava, Shirish C.}
}
@article {1159,
	title = {Designing Artifacts for Systems of Information},
	volume = {446},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {233-245},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {Design, information systems, Information Technology},
	isbn = {978-3-662-45707-8},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-45708-5_15},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45708-5_15},
	author = {Richard Baskerville and Davison, Robert and Kaul, Mala and Wong, Louie},
	editor = {Doolin, Bill and Lamprou, Eleni and Mitev, Nathalie and McLeod, Laurie}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Digital assemblages: Evidence and theorizing from the computerization of the U.S. residential real estate industry},
	journal = {New Technology, Work and Employment},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	month = {3/2014},
	pages = {40-56},
	abstract = {The contribution of this paper is to theorize on the roles information and communication technologies (ICT) play in reshaping work arrangements and specifically to advance the concept of a digital assemblage as a lens for this analysis. We pursue an alternative conceptualization of the role of ICT: computerization. The fundamental premise of computerization is that actors are embedded in transactions and that ICT are taken up and used to support this embedding rather than for purposes of strict economic rationality. This work draws on data from a study of the U.S. residential real estate industry, which serves here as a {\textquotedblleft}living laboratory{\textquotedblright} for studying information-intensive industries.},
	doi = {10.1111/ntwe.12020},
	author = {Steve Sawyer and Kevin Crowston and Wigand, Rolf}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Exploring data quality in games with a purpose},
	year = {2014},
	month = {3/2014},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	abstract = {A key problem for crowd-sourcing systems is motivating contributions from participants and ensuring the quality of these contributions. Games have been suggested as a motivational approach to encourage contribution, but attracting participation through game play rather than scientific interest raises concerns about the quality of the data provided, which is particularly important when the data are to be used for scientific research. To assess whether these concerns are justified, we compare the quality of data obtained from two citizen science games, one a {\textquotedblleft}gamified{\textquotedblright} version of a species classification task and one a fantasy game that used the classification task only as a way to advance in the game play. Surprisingly, though we did observe cheating in the fantasy game, data quality (i.e., classification accuracy) from participants in the two games was not significantly different. As well, the quality of data from short-time contributors was at a usable level of accuracy. These findings suggest that various approaches to gamification can be useful for motivating contributions to citizen science projects.},
	author = {Prestopnik, Nathan R. and Kevin Crowston and Wang, Jun}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Group maintenance in technology-supported distributed teams},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2014},
	month = {4/2014},
	pages = {297-309},
	abstract = {In this paper we investigate group maintenance behavior in community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Adopting a sociolinguistic perspective, we conceptualize group maintenance behavior as interpersonal communication tactics{\textemdash}specifically, social presence and politeness tactics{\textemdash}that help maintain relationships among group members. Developer email messages were collected from two FLOSS projects with different development status and content-analyzed to identify frequently-used group maintenance tactics. We then compared the two projects on the group maintenance tactics used, finding differences that reflect changes in the project work practices. Our work contributes theoretically to FLOSS research and has practical implications for FLOSS practitioners.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.im.2014.02.001},
	author = {Wei, Kangning and Kevin Crowston and Li, Na and Heckman, Robert}
}
@article {1220,
	title = {Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants},
	journal = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering},
	volume = {5},
	number = {6},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {409-419},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s12599-013-0296-y},
	author = {Wang, Qian and Michael D. Myers and Sundaram, David}
}
@article {1221,
	title = {Digital Natives und Digital Immigrants},
	journal = {Wirtschaftsinformatik},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {409-420},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s11576-013-0390-2},
	author = {Wang, Qian and Michael D. Myers and Sundaram, David}
}
@article {hayes2013editorialeditorial,
	title = {Editorial},
	journal = {Information Systems Journal},
	volume = {23},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {281{\textendash}285},
	issn = {1350-1917},
	doi = {10.1111/isj.12014},
	author = {Hayes, N and Miscione, G and Silva, L and Westrup, C}
}
@inbook {1219,
	title = {Major Issues in the Successful Implementation of Information Systems in Developing Countries},
	booktitle = {Grand Successes and Failures in IT},
	series = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communications Technology},
	volume = {402},
	year = {2013},
	note = {IFIP WG 8.6 International Working Conference, Bangalore, India, June 27-29, 2013.},
	pages = {151-163},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	type = {Book Section},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {978-3-642-38861-3},
	author = {Vaidya, Ranjan and Michael D. Myers and Gardner, Lesley},
	editor = {Yogesh K. Dwivedi and Henriksen, Helle Zinner and Wastell, David and De{\textquoteright}, Rahul}
}
@article {hayes2013overflows,
	title = {Overflows of Technological Innovation in Emerging Economies: The Case of M-Pesa},
	journal = {Available at SSRN 2617305},
	year = {2013},
	author = {Niall Hayes and Miscione, Gianluca and Chris Westrup}
}
@booklet {hayesoverflowsmpesa,
	title = {Overflows of Technological Innovation in Emerging Economies: The Case of M-Pesa},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Elsevier BV},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2617305},
	author = {Hayes, N and Miscione, G and Westrup, C}
}
@article {miscione2013theorising,
	title = {Theorising development and technological change},
	journal = {Info Systems J (2013)},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {281{\textendash}285},
	author = {Miscione, Gianluca and Niall Hayes and Chris Westrup}
}
@conference {1207,
	title = {Digital Natives And Digital Immigrants: Towards A Model Of Digital Fluency},
	booktitle = {European Conference on Information Systems},
	volume = {Paper 39},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Association for Information Systems E-library},
	organization = {Association for Information Systems E-library},
	type = {Conference Proceedings},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2012/39},
	author = {Wang, Qian and Michael D. Myers and Sundaram, David}
}
@inbook {1205,
	title = {Foreword},
	booktitle = {Information Systems Theory: Explaining and Predicting Our Digital Society, Vol. 2},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {vii-viii},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	type = {Book Section},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Michael D. Myers},
	editor = {Yogesh K. Dwivedi and Wade, Michael R and Schneberger, Scott L}
}
@article {Crowston:2009,
	title = {Free/Libre Open Source Software Development: What we know and what we do not know},
	journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	edition = {2},
	abstract = {We review the empirical research on Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and assess the state of the literature. We develop a framework for organizing the literature based on the input-mediator-output- input (IMOI) model from the small groups literature. We present a quantitative summary of articles selected for the review and then discuss findings of this literature categorized into issues pertaining to inputs (e.g., member characteristics, technology use and project characteristics), processes (software development and social processes), emergent states (e.g., trust and task related states) and outputs (e.g. team performance, FLOSS implementation and project evolution). Based on this review, we suggest topics for future research, as well as identifying methodological and theoretical issues for future inquiry in this area, including issues relating to sampling and the need for more longitudinal studies.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	doi = {10.1145/2089125.2089127},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Wei, Kangning and Howison, James and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {298{\textendash}304},
	abstract = {Citizen science creates a nexus between science and education that, when coupled with emerging technologies, expands the frontiers of ecological research and public engagement. Using representative technologies and other examples, we examine the future of citizen science in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. Future citizen-science projects will likely be influenced by sociocultural issues related to new technologies and will continue to face practical programmatic challenges. We foresee networked, open science and the use of online computer/video gaming as important tools to engage non-traditional audiences, and offer recommendations to help prepare project managers for impending challenges. A more formalized citizen-science enterprise, complete with networked organizations, associations, journals, and cyberinfrastructure, will advance scientific research, including ecology, and further public education.},
	issn = {1540-9295},
	doi = {10.1890/110294},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/110294},
	author = {Newman, Greg and Wiggins, Andrea and Crall, Alycia and Graham, Eric and Newman, Sarah and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {2012,
	title = {Goals and tasks: Two typologies of citizen science projects},
	year = {2012},
	month = {1/2012},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. We conducted a survey of citizen science projects to elicit multiple aspects of project design and operation. We then clustered projects based on the tasks performed by participants and on the project{\textquoteright}s stated goals. The clustering results group projects that show similarities along other dimensions, suggesting useful divisions of the projects.},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {Watson-Manheim:2012,
	title = {Innovation in academic-industry partnerships: Measuring the challenges to effective performance},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference, Technology and Innovation Management Division},
	year = {2012},
	month = {8/2012},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Watson-Manheim, Mary-Beth and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Perceived discontinuities and constructed continuities in virtual work},
	journal = {Information Systems Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {29-52},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2575.2011.00371.x},
	author = {Watson-Manheim, Mary Beth and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {1079,
	title = {Social Networks and Communication Media for Generating Creative Ideas},
	volume = {389},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {160-176},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {communication media mix, generating creative ideas, Simmelian advice tie, Simmelian friendship tie},
	isbn = {978-3-642-35141-9},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-35142-6_11},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35142-6_11},
	author = {Wu, Yi and Chang, Klarissa},
	editor = {Bhattacherjee, Anol and Brian Fitzgerald}
}
@unpublished {9999,
	title = {Decision-making processes and team performance in self-organizing virtual teams: The case of Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Effective decision making is critical to team effectiveness. We examine decision making in the setting of self-organizing virtual teams, a setting that we expect to pose particular problems for effective decision making. A self-organizing team must develop effective practices in the absence of a formal organizational structure that guides the practices. A virtual team{\textquoteright}s reliance on technological support to span temporal and organizational discontinuities makes an effective decision-making process more difficult to achieve. We examine decision-making processes and their relation to team performance in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams, chosen as extreme examples of self-organizing virtual teams. We identified six paths that describe the decision-making process. Further analysis revealed that diversity in decision-making paths appeared to be related to differences in task types and group performance. The study provides insight into decision making in FLOSS teams and has implications for decision making in self-organizing virtual teams more generally.},
	author = {Wei, Kangning and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Li, Qing}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Describing public participation in scientific research},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	abstract = {We report the results of a descriptive survey of citizen science projects, a form of scientific collaboration engaging members of the public with professional researchers. This phenomenon has seen explosive growth in recent years and is garnering interest from a broadening variety of research domains. However, the lack of adequate description of this diverse population hinders useful research. To address this gap, we conducted a survey of citizen science projects. We present a description of the phenomenon to establish a basis for sampling and evaluation of research on citizen science, including details on project resources, participation, technologies, goals, and outcomes. We then reflect on several points of potential development, including technologies to support participation, potential for expanding engagement, and data policies. The diverse organizational and functional arrangements in citizen science projects suggest a variety of areas for future research.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {2011,
	title = {Design for Citizen Science Workshop Report},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies},
	type = {Workshop Report},
	address = {Syracuse, NY},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@unpublished {9999,
	title = {Digital assemblages: Evidence and theorizing from the computerization of the U.S. residential real estate industry},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {We theorize on industry-level computerization by drawing data from on-going empirical study of the United States{\textquoteright} residential real estate industry begun in 1997. Real estate serves us here as a "living laboratory" for studying information-intensive economic activity. In lieu of standard economic analyses, we advance computerization as the analytic framework for this study because it focuses attention to the take up and uses of information and communication technologies (ICT) in conjunction with related socio-economic changes. We find, as might be expected, that with the increased use of ICT real estate agents are less involved as information intermediaries and yet are more deeply embedded into the processes of buying and selling of houses: they are more socially embedded. We find, as expected, that uses of ICT are now pervasive in this industry. However, the ways in which these ICT are used help agents to embed themselves more deeply into the transacting of real estate rather than serving as vehicles for disintermediation. Building from these findings we theorize on the ways in which social embedding supports economic transactions. And, we theorize the ways in which ICT are brought together and used can more coherently understood as a {\textquoteright}digital assemblage{\textquoteright} than as some sort of formal information system or particular technology. Our conceptualization of a digital assemblage is characterized by distinct patterns of ICT collections that, in use, are functionally equivalent and structurally similar, relying on standardized and commodified ICT.},
	author = {Steve Sawyer and Kevin Crowston and Rolf T. Wigand}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Hawai{\textquoteright}i International Conference on System Science (HICSS-44)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {1/2011},
	address = {Koloa, HI},
	abstract = {Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types{\textemdash}Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education{\textemdash}that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {2011,
	title = {Mechanisms for Data Quality and Validation in Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {"Computing for Citizen Science" workshop at the IEEE eScience Conference},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	abstract = {Data quality is a primary concern for researchers employing public participation in scientific research, or {\textquotedblleft}citizen science,{\textquotedblright} to accomplish data collection and analysis tasks. This mode of scientific collaboration relies on contributions from a large, often unknown population of volunteers with widely variable expertise. In this paper, we review the commonly employed mechanisms for ensuring data quality. We also discuss results of a survey of citizen science projects that reports on the use of some of these mechanisms, noting that it is most common for projects to employ multiple mechanisms to ensure data quality and appropriate levels of validation.},
	keywords = {Citizen Science, data quality, data validation},
	url = {http://itee.uq.edu.au/~eresearch/workshops/compcitsci2011/index.html},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Newman, Greg and Stevenson, Robert D. and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Participation in ICT-Enabled Meetings},
	journal = {Journal of Organizational and End User Computing},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {15{\textendash}36},
	abstract = {Meetings are a common occurrence in contemporary organizations, and almost everyone shares an understanding of what a meeting is and what participation in a meeting looks like. Yet our exploratory study at Intel, an innovative global technology company, suggests that meetings are evolving beyond this familiar perspective as the pervasive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) changes work practices associated with meetings. Drawing on data gathered from interviews prompted by entries in the employees{\textquoteright} electronic calendar system, we examine the multiple ways in which meetings build and reflect work in the organization and derive propositions to guide future research. Specifically, we identified four aspects of meetings that reflect work in the 21st century: meetings are integral to work in team-centered organizations, tension between group and personal objectives, discontinuities, and ICT support for fragmented work environment.},
	keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication, Information Technology},
	doi = {10.4018/joeuc.2011040102},
	author = {Chudoba, Katherine M. and Watson-Manheim, Mary Beth and Kevin Crowston and Lee, Chei Sian}
}
@article {1071,
	title = {The Present as Future: The Problem of Translation in Corporate Science Projects},
	volume = {356},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {43-56},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {3D user interface, Corporate research, desktop information management, innovation, machine learning, virtual teams},
	isbn = {978-3-642-21363-2},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_4},
	author = {Eleanor Wynn},
	editor = {Chiasson, Mike and Ola Henfridsson and Helena Karsten and DeGross, JaniceI.}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Validity issues in the use of social network analysis with digital trace data},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	chapter = {Article 2},
	abstract = {There is an exciting natural match between social network analysis methods and the growth of data sources produced by social interactions via information technologies, from online communities to corporate information systems. Information Systems researchers have not been slow to embrace this combination of method and data. Such systems increasingly provide "digital trace data" that provide new research opportunities. Yet digital trace data are substantively different from the survey and interview data for which network analysis measures and interpretations were originally developed. This paper examines ten validity issues associated with the combination of data digital trace data and social network analysis methods, with examples from the IS literature, to provide recommendations for improving the validity of research using this combination.},
	keywords = {Information System, Social Network Analysis, Virtuality},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol12/iss12/2/},
	author = {Howison, James and Kevin Crowston and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180192,
	title = {Developing a Broadband Adoption Model in the UK Context},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {192{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Yogesh K. Dwivedi and Navonil Mustafee and Michael D. Williams and Banita Lal},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180245,
	title = {Functional Service Domain Architecture Management: Building the Foundation for Situational Method Engineering},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {245{\textendash}262},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Daniel Stock and Winter, Robert and J{\"o}rg H. Mayer},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {519,
	title = {Open sourcing regulation: the development of the Creative Commons licences as a form of commons based peer production},
	year = {2010},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46277557_Open_sourcing_regulation_the_development_of_the_Creative_Commons_licences_as_a_form_of_commons_based_peer_production},
	author = {Prodromos Tsiavos and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180348,
	title = {Opening up the Agile Innovation Process},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {348{\textendash}349},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Conboy, Kieran and Brian Donnellan and Lorraine Morgan and Wang, Xiaofeng},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180317,
	title = {Participation in Living Lab: Designing Systems with Users},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {317{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Birgitta Bergvall-K{\aa}reborn and Debra Howcroft and Anna St{\aa}hlbr{\"o}st and Anita Melander Wikman},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180143,
	title = {Social Consequences of Nomadic Working: A Case Study in an Organization},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {143{\textendash}158},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Ramanjit Singh and Trevor Wood-Harper},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {IFIP AICT03180225,
	title = {Toward an Understanding of the Evolution of IFIP WG 8.6 Research},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {225{\textendash}242},
	publisher = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-12112-8},
	author = {Yogesh K. Dwivedi and Levine, Linda and Michael D. Williams and Mohini Singh and David G. Wastell and Deborah Bunker},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Venable, John and Deborah Bunker and Nancy L. Russo and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {1183,
	title = {What do we like about the IS field?},
	journal = {Communications of the AIS},
	volume = {26},
	number = {20},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {441-450},
	type = {Journal Article},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/},
	author = {John L. King and Michael D. Myers and Suzanne Rivard and Carol Saunders and Ron Weber}
}
@article {808,
	title = {The Chiasmus of Design: Paradoxical Outcomes in the e-Government Reform of UK Children{\textquoteright}s Services},
	volume = {301/2009},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {257 - 272},
	publisher = {Springer},
	chapter = {18},
	abstract = {This paper describes a detailed ethnographic study of the design problems of a major national IT system in the UK- The Integrated Children{\textquoteright}s System (ICS). The implementation of the ICS has disrupted social work practice and engendered growing professional resistance, prompting a fundamental review of its design. Marshall McLuhan{\textquoteright}s concept of chiasmus is a central feature of our analysis of the vicissitudes of ICS. Chiasmus refers to the tendency of any system, when pushed too far, to produce unintended contradictory effects, and is an intrinsic feature of the behaviour of complex, socio-technical systems. The dysfunctions of the ICS provide a pertinent, large-scale example. The ICS constitutes an attempt, via technological means, to re-organize child welfare services in the UK. Whilst aimed at improving child safety, the ICS has had the opposite effect of increasing the potential for error. This chiasmus has been exposed through the multi-site ethnography reported here, which shows how rigidly designed processes, enforced by IT systems, force social work professionals into unsafe investigative and recording practices which increase the risk of errors. The paper ends by proposing an alternative approach to design, based on socio-technical precepts, emphasizing the principles of minimum critical specification, user-centeredness and local autonomy.
},
	issn = {978-3-642-02387-3},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02388-0_18},
	author = {Wastell, David and White, Sue and Broadhurst, Karen}
}
@article {798,
	title = {Creativity in Agile Systems Development: A Literature Review},
	volume = {301/2009},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {122 - 134},
	publisher = {Springer},
	chapter = {9},
	abstract = {Proponents of agile methods claim that enabling, fostering and driving creativity is the key motivation that differentiates agile methods from their more traditional, beauraucratic counterparts. However, there is very little rigorous research to support this claim. Like most of their predecessors, the development and promotion of these methods has been almost entirely driven by practitioners and consultants, with little objective validation from the research community. This lack of validation is particularly relevant for SMEs, given that many of their project teams typify the environment to which agile methods are most suited i.e. small, co-located teams with diverse, blended skills in unstructured, sometimes even chaotic surroundings. This paper uses creativity theory as a lens to review the current agile method literature to understand exactly how much we
know about the extent to which creativity actually occurs in these agile environments. The study reveals many gaps and conflict of opinion in the body of knowledge in its current state and identifies many avenues for further research.
},
	issn = {978-3-642-02387-3},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02388-0_9},
	author = {Conboy, Kieran and Wang, Xiaofeng and Brian Fitzgerald}
}
@article {512,
	title = {Critically classifying: UK E-government website benchmarking and the recasting of the citizen as customer},
	journal = {Information Systems Journal},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {149-173},
	isbn = {1350-1917},
	url = {ISJ2009.pdf},
	author = {Benjamin Mosse and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {541,
	title = {Developing the information and knowledge agenda in information systems: Insights from philosophy},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {190-197},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {TIS2009.pdf},
	author = {Leslie P. Willcocks and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@book {436,
	title = {Global challenges for identity policies},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	address = {Basingstoke},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein}
}
@inbook {440,
	title = {Object lessons and invisible technologies},
	booktitle = {Bricolage, Care and Information Systems},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Forthcoming},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {Basingstoke},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Mary L Darking},
	editor = {Chrisanthi Avgerou and Willcocks, Leslie and Giovan Francesc Lanzara}
}
@inbook {439,
	title = {Perceptions of government technology, surveillance and privacy: the UK identity cards scheme},
	booktitle = {New Directions in Privacy and Surveillance},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {133-156},
	publisher = {Willan},
	organization = {Willan},
	address = {Cullompton},
	isbn = {978-1-84392-363-3},
	url = {Willan2009.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Daniel Neyland and Benjamin Goold}
}
@inbook {880,
	title = {Qualitative Research in Information Systems: Current Status and Future Trends},
	booktitle = {Information Systems Research: Issues and Latest Development},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3-19},
	publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
	organization = {Tsinghua University Press},
	address = {Beijing},
	author = {Myers, Michael},
	editor = {Huang, Wayne Wei and Wang, Kanliang}
}
@proceedings {859,
	title = {What do we like about the IS field?},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-3},
	address = {Phoenix, AZ},
	url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/},
	author = {John L. King and Michael D. Myers and Suzanne Rivard and Carol Saunders and Ron Weber}
}
@proceedings {446,
	title = {A break from the routine: Studying strategising practices at a small e-commerce retailer with Actor-Network theory},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Peter Erdelyi and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {532,
	title = {Departmental influences on policy design: How the UK is confusing identity fraud with other policy agendas},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {98-100},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	url = {CACM2008.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein}
}
@article {533,
	title = {Doing the politics of technological decision making: Due process and the debate about identity cards in the UK},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {668-677},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {EJIS2008DueProcess.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein}
}
@article {499,
	title = {Governing Diversity in the Digital Ecosystem},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {51},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {137-140},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	author = {Mary L Darking and Edgar A. Whitley and Dini, Paolo}
}
@article {530,
	title = {How international postgraduate students tackle writing assignments: An empirical study},
	journal = {International journal of applied linguistics},
	volume = {156},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {329-330},
	isbn = {0019-0810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ITL.156.0.2034443},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Alexander Grous}
}
@article {769,
	title = {ICTs and Global Working in a Non-Flat World},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {13 - 25},
	abstract = {This paper rejects the hypothesis of Thomas Friedman that ICT-enabled globalization is driving us toward a flat world. Instead, it is argued that the world remains uneven, full of seams, culturally heterogeneous, locally specific, inequitable, not well-integrated and constantly changing. This argument is supported by an analysis of three areas of ICT-enabled global working, namely global software outsourcing, global IS roll-out, and global virtual teams. The paper then builds on these analyses to put forward an agenda for future IS research on ICTs and global working based on three research themes: identity and cross-cultural working; globalization, localization and standardization; and power, knowledge, and control. The paper concludes that the area of ICTs and global working offers the IS field a major research opportunity to make a significant contribution to our understanding of a set of crucial issues in our more globalized world.
},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09768-8_2},
	author = {Geoff Walsham}
}
@article {568,
	title = {Media and public perceptions of identity cards, privacy and surveillance: Public opinion and policy},
	volume = {Forthcoming},
	year = {2008},
	url = {http://www.knowledgepolitics.org.uk/KP_Whitley.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {344,
	title = {Overcoming Location Boundaries: Telecooperation and Virtual Enterprises},
	howpublished = {Information, Organization and Management},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {317 - 367},
	abstract = {Large areas of business applications are increasingly contradicting the traditional picture of the enterprise as an integrated, methodically organized, and relatively stable product of the production of tangible assets and services: Strict hierarchies dissolve themselves into flat, modular structures (chapter 5). Traditional organizational boundaries blur in symbiotic, network-like entrepreneurial relationships (chapter 6). Technical infrastructures revolutionize markets (chapter 7) through the step-wise dissolution of spatial and temporal restriction. The increasing dissolution of locations, as well as the conditions for and implications of this for actual and future organizational forms, is the focal point of this chapter. Virtual organizations are an outgrowth of these developments. They therefore function more like spider-webs than networks. They are opposites of organizations that, with regard to ownership and contracts, have relatively well-defined boundaries, have a steady location, relatively permanent resource assignments, and controlled process structures. According to Aristotelian philosophy, virtuality may be regarded as an idealized goal of a boundless organization (Legrand 1972, p. 269). It may also be regarded as an organizational form that considers virtuality in the same sense as information systems researchers might, i.e. as a concept of performance improvement. This perspective also regards concrete locations where the actual work is carried out as systematic and dynamic (Mowshowitz 1991; Szyperski / Klein 1993). We will next address fundamental aspects of the dissolution of the work location, as well as questions pertaining to the drivers and organizational manifestations of dispersed work locations. The virtual organization as a specific result of telecooperative work forms is presented later.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71395-1_8},
	author = {Picot, Arnold and Reichwald, Ralf and Wigand, Rolf}
}
@proceedings {865,
	title = {Publishing in the ERA era},
	year = {2008},
	month = {3-5 December},
	pages = {2},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Internationally, there is a move by governments to assess research outputs according to quality. Central to this is the ranking of journals. The most ambitious exercise is the Australian Research Council{\textquoteright}s current exercise to rank over 19,500 academic journals. This exercise is being keenly observed by a number of governments, and most academics. These changes have the potential for major change in the way academics will choose a publication outlet for their research. The consequences of those decisions could be far reaching for individual journals, especially unranked journals, and for conferences. Responding to this new assessment regime can either be fragmented and driven by market forces, or driven by a strategic understanding of the new regime and ensuring that changes improve publishing opportunities and rankings. This panel session brings together Australian and New Zealand publishers and members of editorial boards of large and small IS journals, and researchers in this field to develop some strategic perspectives.},
	author = {John W Lamp and Michael D. Myers and Julie Fisher and David Wilson and Felix B. Tan and Deborah Bunker}
}
@article {540,
	title = {The ranking of top IS journals: The perspective from the London School of Economics},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {17},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163-168},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {EJIS2008.pdf},
	author = {Leslie P. Willcocks and Chrisanthi Avgerou and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {489,
	title = {A Symmetric Analysis of the Border Control Information Systems for People and Trade},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1117-1128},
	address = {Galway},
	isbn = {978-0-9553159-2-3},
	url = {ECIS2008.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Boriana Rukanova},
	editor = {Golden W. and Acton T. and Conboy K. and van der Heijden H. and Tuunainen V. K.}
}
@article {785,
	title = {Turning Products into Services and Services into Products: Contradictory Implications of Information Technology in the Service Economy},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {343 - 348},
	abstract = {Service industry sectors of modern economies are growing rapidly, in absolute size and in comparison to the manufacturing, agriculture, and other economic sectors. Implicit in the dramatic proclamations that have accompanied this worldwide shift
 to the service economy is a subtext about the displacement and subordination of products. The notion of displacement speaks,
 in a straightforward way, to the diminishing relative importance that material products play in production and consumption
 and, hence, in providing opportunities for employment. That information and communication technology (ICT) enabled innovation
 has played a crucial role in the emerging dominance of services is well known, for example, in all aspects of financial service
 sectors. Subordination is more interesting because it has to do with the changing and unsettled relationship between products and services and, indeed, ambiguity in the very definition of {\textquotedblleft}service{\textquotedblright} itself. This subordination has taken
 a variety of forms:
 {\textbullet}\&nbsp;
 Producers and purveyors of products add information-intensive service dimensions in order to enhance relationships with customers
 and, in some cases, to generate network effects among the customers themselves (e.g., Amazon.com{\textquoteright}s online customer reviews
 of books and data-based book recommendations).
 {\textbullet}\&nbsp;
 Products themselves have become servicitized in the sense that a product comes with a service component that is crucial in
 fully constituting the product as a meaningful {\textquotedblleft}solution{\textquotedblright} for the purchaser (Vandermerwe and Rada 1988). The delivery of these
 components is often ICT-enabled (e.g., call centers in support of consumer electronic products).
 {\textbullet}\&nbsp;
 We witness the servicitization of products in an alternative sense, where the purchaser never takes possession of the material
 product but rather subscribes to the service that the product provides, with the purveyor maintaining ownership of the physical
 asset (e.g., ASP models of computer or software use and outsourcing of certain other kinds).
},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09768-8_25},
	author = {Ramiller, Neil and Elizabeth Davidson and Wagner, Erica and Steve Sawyer}
}
@article {529,
	title = {An alternative perspective on citation classics: Evidence from the first ten years of the European Conference on Information Systems},
	journal = {Information and Management},
	volume = {44},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {441-455},
	isbn = {0378-7206},
	url = {iandm2007.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Robert D. Galliers}
}
@article {501,
	title = {Balance, scrutiny and identity cards in the UK},
	journal = {Criminal Justice Matters},
	volume = {68},
	number = {Summer},
	year = {2007},
	note = {http://personal.lse.ac.uk/whitley/allpubs/CJM2007.pdf},
	pages = {29-30},
	isbn = {0962 7251},
	url = {CJM2007.pdf},
	author = {Cheryl A Edwardes and Ian R Hosein and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {321,
	title = {Conditions Enabling Effective Multiple Team Membership},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {215 - 228},
	abstract = {There is a long tradition of research on work in teams and their increasingly important use as an approach to organizational design. While the implicit assumption has been that individuals work on one team at a time, many individuals are now being asked to juggle several projects and their associated multiple team memberships (MTM) simultaneously. This creates a set of interesting opportunities and challenges for organizations that choose to structure work in this way. In this paper, we review the limited existing research on MTM work. We then present the results of a survey documenting the prevalence of MTM work and the findings from a pilot interview study suggesting a number of challenges, benefits, and enabling conditions associated with MTM work. We discuss the implications for managers working in MTM environments as well as for scholars of teams and, in doing so we describe what we see as key items on the agenda for future research on this topic.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_16},
	author = {Mortensen, Mark and Woolley, Anita and O{\textquoteright}Leary, Michael}
}
@article {322,
	title = {Conduct, Performance, and Dilemmas of Inter-organizational Virtual Organizing},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {35 - 50},
	abstract = {Firms are increasingly embedded in networks of relationships with other organizations that are of strategic importance. An organization{\textquoteright}s participation in a network may provide access to information, resources, markets, and technologies, or it may lock it in unproductive relationships from which it may be difficult to extricate. Therefore, it is no longer adequate to analyze firms{\textquoteright} conduct and performance by examining firms in isolation from their network partners. Strategy research has investigated inter-organizational alliances for some time. However, the primary focus of this research has been to examine the antecedents of network formation and relatively lesser attention has been paid to the implications of alliances and networks on a firm{\textquoteright}s performance. Since virtual organizations are conceptualized as strategic networks and alliances among organizations, we examined literature on virtual organizations to understand what has been done in inter-organizational context. We found 34 papers out of a total of 117 papers on virtual organization that examined virtual organizing at inter-organizational level. We classified each of the short-listed papers by virtual organizing type (network membership, network structure, tie modality, and time-frame), performance, and dilemmas of virtual organizing. Our analyses showed that inter-organization virtual organizing strategy varied with the goals of virtual organizing. Across the short-listed papers we found a pattern of organizing that depended on whether organizing was for abstract resources (knowledge, skills, competencies, etc.) or for specific goals (outsourcing key components). Virtual organizing for abstract resources tended to exhibit decentralized network structure and collaborative ties with partners, while virtual organizing for specific goals tended to exhibit centralized network structure and opportunistic ties. We found a lack of empirical literature examining the process of inter-organization virtual organizing strategy and its consequences.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_5},
	author = {Jha, Sanjeev and Watson-Manheim, Mary}
}
@article {324,
	title = {Coordinating Global Software Development Activities},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {99 - 117},
	abstract = {In this paper, I explain how globally distributed software development subunits can coordinate their activities with information systems (IS). The basis of this explanation lies in the contemporary proliferation of global software development (GSD) activities that suggests an unexplained reality: organizations practicing GSD are somehow regulating their IS to cope with increasing and varied uncertainties. Through an empirical example of an organization{\textquoteright}s subunit{\textquoteright}s regulating and coping, I make the case that requisite variety in a subunit{\textquoteright}s information systems is a dependent variable for managing uncertainties leading to optimal coordination. In this example, I show varied uncertainties that faced the subunit, and I explain how variety in its information system was requisite for managing the uncertainties satisfactorily. Based on these explanations, I suggest four characteristics of variety in IS that will be requisite for managing uncertainties in GSD: developers{\textquoteright} agility; developers{\textquoteright} continuity and traveling; high frequency of communications; and varied communication modes and technologies.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_9},
	author = {Wiredu, Gambel}
}
@article {515,
	title = {The effects of national culture on ERP implementation: A study of Colombia and Switzerland},
	journal = {Enterprise Information Systems},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {301-325},
	isbn = {1751{\textendash}7575},
	url = {eis2007.pdf},
	author = {Polomino Murcia, Mary Andrea and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {503,
	title = {The European Information Systems Academy},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3-4},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {EJIS2007Editorial.pdf},
	author = {Robert D. Galliers and Edgar A. Whitley and Ray J. Paul}
}
@article {331,
	title = {Expertise Management in a Distributed Context},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {295 - 313},
	abstract = {This paper explores the management of expertise in offshore outsourcing projects. While the study of expertise development and coordination gained some attention in recent years, much of this research has been on co-located teams. Little is known about the way expertise is managed in distributed contexts and the challenges distributed teams face when attempting to develop and share expertise. To address this gap this paper discusses the notion of expertise management and concludes that it consists of three key processes; namely, development, coordination, and integration. To illustrate the challenges involved in expertise management processes, an in-depth case study of an ABN AMRO {\textemdash} TCS outsourcing project is outlined. In this case study onsite and offshore teams developed, coordinated, and integrated expertise despite geographical distance, time-zone differences, and different local contexts. Evidence from this case suggests that this outsourcing project jointly developed expertise while coordinating and integrating expertise in a distributed manner. Finally, conclusions are made and implications for research are discussed.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_21},
	author = {Oshri, Ilan and Kotlarsky, Julia and Willcocks, Leslie and van Fenema, Paul}
}
@article {335,
	title = {From Senses to Sensors},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {281 - 293},
	abstract = {One key dimension of the virtualization of the workplace is the formation of new types of partnerships where organizations let internal functions be handled by an external partner, the so-called outsourcing of services. The formation of an outsourcing partnership imposes the risk of knowledge-drainage on the client organization as specific internal competence decreases when the service provider takes over the technological knowledge and has a significant impact on the business processes in general. The aim of this paper is to address the issue of partnership outsourcing and to explore strategies that are used to keep the competence within the client organization even as it opens itself up to the partnership. Based on the framework of Four Outsourcing Relationship Types provided by Kishore et al. [1], this paper investigates the relationship between a large minerals group, Alpha Corp. and its remote service provider, RDC. Alpha has three different strategies for maintaining competence within the organization while engaging in the outsourcing relationship. The first is exploiting the full potential of its partnership with RDC, the second is heavy investment in information technology, and the third is structured and systematic maintenance. The findings of the study show that the relationship between Alpha and RDC can be characterized as an alliance type relationship and that the only way for Alpha to preserve competence is to maintain an inspired and engaged workforce and fully embrace the partnership in order to create a win-win situation.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_20},
	author = {Westergren, Ulrika}
}
@article {356,
	title = {The IT Artifact and Telecommuting},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {391 - 395},
	abstract = {Research on the concept of telecommuting or telework, as it is known in various areas of the world, has appeared in information systems (IS) and non-IS publications for more than 20 years. Research areas with respect to telecommuting are quite varied, from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) use, to transportation, managerial control, work-life issues, and more. A significant number of these studies have taken into account the role of technology in enabling telecommuting. However, recent awareness of the IT artifact issue [1] has raised concerns for some authors, reviewers, and editors as to when the technology component is significant enough to consider some of the telecommuting research as IS research. Others, meanwhile, believe that by definition telecommuting addresses the IT artifact issue, and that this should not be a concern. In this panel, we explore the question of whether the IT artifact is an issue in IS-related telecommuting research by examining topics from multiple and sometimes competing perspectives.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_30},
	author = {B{\'e}langer, France and Watson-Manheim, Mary and Harrington, Susan and Johnson, Nancy and Neufeld, Derrick}
}
@article {510,
	title = {Managing expectations of technological systems: A case study of a problematic government project},
	journal = {Spontaneous Generations},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/SpontaneousGenerations/article/view/2973/1117},
	pages = {67-77},
	isbn = {1913-0465},
	url = {SG2007.pdf},
	author = {Aaron K Martin and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {485,
	title = {Policy Engagement as Rigourous and Relevant Information Systems Research: The Case of the LSE Identity Project},
	year = {2007},
	note = {http://personal.lse.ac.uk/whitley/allpubs/ecis2007.pdf},
	pages = {1301-1312},
	publisher = {University of St. Gallen},
	address = {St. Gallen},
	url = {ECIS2007.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein},
	editor = {Hubert {\"O}sterle and Schelp, Joachim and Winter, Robert}
}
@article {534,
	title = {Reflections on the academic policy analysis process and the UK Identity Cards Scheme},
	journal = {The information society},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {51-58},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {TIS2007.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein and Ian O. Angell and Simon Davies}
}
@article {546,
	title = {Rhetorical confidence and technological certainty in technology led policy initiatives},
	year = {2007},
	url = {PSE2007.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {362,
	title = {The Role of Shapers in Knowledge-Sharing},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {383 - 386},
	abstract = {Wikis are a collaborative technology that allows for new ways of working and sharing knowledge. While most firms today have been experimenting with wikis, an important element of the use of wikis that has generally been ignored is the role of the people who shape the wiki pages. Shapers ensure the sustainability of a wiki community by helping to ensure that new ideas and contributions are made and organized. This panel consists of four practitioners who play critical shaping roles in their wiki communities, and two academics who will begin, moderate, and summarize the session. The panel of practitioners will share their thoughts on why they shape, how they shape, and how other communities can help to encourage participants to adopt the shaping role.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_28},
	author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Wagner, Chris and Riehle, Dirk and Thoeny, Peter and Shah, Sunir and Cunningham, Ward}
}
@article {348,
	title = {Sharing Knowledge in Global Virtual Teams},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {251 - 265},
	abstract = {Virtual teams have been seen as a promising way of organizing work for organizations to cope with the current rapidly changing business environment. Issues concerning virtual teams have received considerable attention in both the academic and practical world. In this paper, a case study approach was used to explore Chinese perceptions of the impact of national cultural difference (China vs. U.S.) on knowledge sharing activities in global virtual teams. Four cultural dimensions (language, education, technology and material culture, and attitudes and values) were identified. The final results show that language has the most salient impact on an individual{\textquoteright}s knowledge sharing activities, followed by education, attitudes and values, and technology and material culture. Individual characteristics, organizational culture, time zone problems and leadership style all have a mediated impact on knowledge sharing activities.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_18},
	author = {Wei, Kangning}
}
@article {848,
	title = {Social Activism in Information Systems Research: Making the World a Better Place},
	journal = {Communications of the AIS},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-277},
	address = {Milwaukee, WI},
	author = {Kevin Desouza and Ein-Dor, Phillip and Donald J. McCubbrey and Robert D. Galliers and Michael D. Myers and Richard T. Watson}
}
@conference {349,
	title = {Some Usability Issues of Augmented and Mixed Reality for e-Health Applications in the Medical Domain},
	booktitle = {HCI and Usability for Medicine and Health Care},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {255 - 266},
	abstract = {Augmented and Mixed Reality technology provides to the medical field the possibility for seamless visualization of text-based physiological data and various graphical 3D data onto the patient{\textquoteright}s body. This allows improvements in diagnosis and treatment of patients. For the patient, this technology offers benefits and further potential in therapy, rehabilitation and diagnosis, and explanation. Applications across the whole range of functions that affect the health sector from the physician, the medical student, to the patients are possible. However, the quality of the work of medical professionals is considerably influenced by both usefulness and usability of technology. Consequently, key issues in developing such applications are the tracking methodology, the display technology and most of all ensuring good usability. There have been several research groups who extended the state of the art in employing these technologies in the medical domain. However, only a few are addressing issues of Human-Computer Interaction, Interaction Design, and Usability Engineering. This paper provides a brief overview over the history and the most recent developments in this domain with a special focus on issues of user-centered development.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-76805-0_21},
	author = {Behringer, Reinhold and Christian, Johannes and Holzinger, Andreas and Wilkinson, Steve}
}
@article {566,
	title = {Submission to the House of Commons Home Affairs Committee inquiry into "A surveillance society?" by the London School of Economics and Political Science Identity Project},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Submission to the House of Lords Constitution Committee inquiry into the "Impact of Surveillance \& Data Collection" by the London School of Economics and Political Science Identity Project},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {498,
	title = {Towards an Understanding of FLOSS: Infrastructures, Materiality and the Digital Business Ecosystem},
	journal = {Science Studies},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/Darking_Whitley.pdf},
	pages = {13-33},
	isbn = {0786-3012},
	url = {SciStudies2007.pdf},
	author = {Mary L Darking and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {567,
	title = {U-turns in the National Identity Scheme: Implications for industry: Report for Enterprise Privacy Group},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {377,
	title = {Virtualization and Institutions},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {369 - 372},
	abstract = {This panel explores the value of institutional theory in understanding {\textquoteleft}virtualization (in its varieties of meanings) and the impact on work practices, organizations and society.{\textquoteright} In 2001, Orlikowski and Barley made an initial appeal in this direction suggesting that IS research could benefit from institutional theory and that organization theory could also learn from IS research in taking the materiality of technology seriously. Since this earlier call, there have been significant developments in institutional theory from within organizational theory, particularly at the micro-level of analysis. However, apart from some notable exceptions at the macro-level, IS research is yet to explore the value of institutional theory for understanding virtualization of work practices. A particular focus of this panel, therefore, is to explore the potential of micro and macro level developments in institutional theory, and the value of a multilevel approach for the virtualization of work.},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_25},
	author = {Michael Barrett and Elizabeth Davidson and Leiser Silva and Geoff Walsham}
}
@article {502,
	title = {Vive les differences?},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {20-35},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {EJIS2007.pdf},
	author = {Robert D. Galliers and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {563,
	title = {All party briefing: On mechanisms to report on the costs of the scheme.},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {561,
	title = {All party briefing: On the differences between a compulsory and voluntary regime},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {562,
	title = {All party briefing: On the new identity fraud figures from the Home Office.},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {564,
	title = {All party briefing: On the proposed amendment concerning designated document powers},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {445,
	title = {The challenge of building public technology infrastructure: issues of governance and sustainability in a digital business ecosystem},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2030-2038},
	address = {Goteborg},
	url = {ECIS2006Mary.pdf},
	author = {Mary L Darking and Edgar A. Whitley and Dini, Paolo},
	editor = {Ljunberg, Jan and Andersson, Magnus}
}
@article {682,
	title = {Digital Inclusion Projects in Developing Countries: Value, Sustainability, and Scalability},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {67 - 70},
	doi = {10.1007/0-387-34588-4_5},
	author = {Shirin Madon and Reinhard, Nicolau and Dewald Roode and Geoff Walsham}
}
@inbook {437,
	title = {Interpretative flexibility and hosted ERP systems},
	booktitle = {Agile information systems: Conceptualization, construction and management},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {188-206},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	isbn = {0-07506-8235-3},
	url = {Agile2006.pdf},
	author = {Sarah Cadili and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Kevin C. Desouza}
}
@article {527,
	title = {Object lessons and invisible technologies},
	journal = {Journal of information technology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {176-184},
	isbn = {0268-3962},
	url = {JIT2006.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Mary L Darking}
}
@proceedings {443,
	title = {Panel: Determining the Profile of the ECIS Community a Bibliometrics Approach},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2392-2393},
	address = {Goteborg},
	url = {ECIS2006panel.pdf},
	author = {Clemmensen, Torkil and Robert D. Galliers and Richard T. Vidgen and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Ljunberg, Jan and Andersson, Magnus}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Policy or politics? One year on for the LSE Identity Project},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {451,
	title = {Power, knowledge and management information systems education: The case of the Indian learner},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1723-1736},
	address = {Milwaukee, WI},
	url = {ICIS2006.pdf},
	author = {Niall Hayes and Edgar A. Whitley and Lucas D. Introna},
	editor = {Straub, Detmar and Stefan Klein}
}
@proceedings {847,
	title = {Social Activism in IS Research: Making the World a Better Place},
	year = {2006},
	month = {10-13 December},
	address = {Milwaukee, WI},
	author = {Kevin Desouza and Ein-Dor, Phillip and Donald J. McCubbrey and Robert D. Galliers and Michael D. Myers and Richard T. Watson}
}
@article {373,
	title = {Virtual Teams and Multiple Media: Structuring Media Use to Attain Strategic Goals},
	journal = {Group Decision and Negotiation},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/07/01/},
	pages = {299 - 321},
	abstract = {Work environments have grown substantially more complex over the years. Teams are increasingly distributed, and presented with a variety of different communication technologies, e.g., e-mail, instant messaging, cellular phones, pagers, and intranet applications, for use in distributed collaborative activities. Further, individuals often belong to multiple teams concurrently. This study explores how virtual team members structure their use of multiple media to attain strategic goals in complex work environments. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze data gathered from forty interviews of information technology workers. Our results indicate that there are two primary structures individuals employ when making use of multiple media: sequential and concurrent. Sequential combinations are of three types: redundant, serial, or complementary, while concurrent combinations are of two types: independent or complementary. Further, individuals strategically use multiple media to accomplish specific communication goals beyond simply transmitting the message, such as message acknowledgement, enhancement of mutual understanding, and participation in multiple communication interactions. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-006-9044-8},
	author = {B{\'e}langer, France and Watson-Manheim, Mary}
}
@article {495,
	title = {Becoming engaged with conferences: Reputations and networks},
	journal = {Communications of the AIS},
	volume = {16},
	number = {46},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {895-903},
	isbn = {1529-3181},
	url = {CAIS2005.pdf},
	author = {Avison, David and Karlheinz Kautz and Sigala, Marianna and Edgar A. Whitley and Winter, Robert}
}
@article {543,
	title = {Biometric technology in the public sector: Implications of the Identity Cards Bill},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {496,
	title = {On the interpretative flexibility of hosted ERP systems},
	journal = {Journal of Strategic Information Systems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167-195},
	isbn = {0963-8687},
	url = {JSIS2005.pdf},
	author = {Sarah Cadili and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {478,
	title = {Panel: Becoming involved with conferences: Lessons from ECIS},
	year = {2005},
	address = {Regensburg, Germany},
	isbn = {3-937195-09-2},
	url = {ECIS2005.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Avison, David and Karlheinz Kautz and Sigala, Marianna and Winter, Robert},
	editor = {Bartmann, Dieter and Rajola, Federico and Kallinikos, Jannis and Avison, David and Winter, Robert and Ein-Dor, Phillip and Becker, J{\"o}rg and Bodendorf, Freimut and Weinhardt, Christof}
}
@proceedings {450,
	title = {Plagiarism, values and computing: differing cultural expectations of academic work in information systems education},
	year = {2005},
	address = {Ealing, London},
	isbn = {3-937195-09-2},
	url = {BEST2005.pdf},
	author = {Niall Hayes and Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {531,
	title = {Policy discourse and data retention: The technology politics of surveillance in the United Kingdom},
	journal = {Telecommunications Policy},
	volume = {29},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {857-874},
	isbn = {0308-5961},
	url = {TP2005.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein}
}
@booklet {346,
	title = {Post-Digital Awareness},
	howpublished = {Human Creation between Reality and Illusion},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {169 - 183},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3578-0_13},
	author = {Werner, James}
}
@article {300,
	title = {The Reconstruction of Portable Computers: On the Flexibility of Mobile Computing in Mobile Activities},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {197 - 212},
	abstract = {The remote distribution of contemporary activities has direct implications for the mobility of humans and associated actions. Remote distribution inherently entails parameters such as the mobility of individuals, artifacts, tasks, and information: and potential conflicts between objective and personal motives of individuals. The interactions of these parameters bear directly on the range of mobile computing services derivable from the use of these artefacts. Based on an activity-theoretical perspective, this paper presents a discussion of the dynamics of mobile computing services through an analysis of the process of reconstruction of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in a mobility-saturated work-integrated learning project. Upon this analysis, the flexibility of mobile computing as a direct function of the reconstruction process is discussed and a conceptual framework for the analysis of flexible mobile computing in mobile activities proposed.},
	doi = {10.1007/0-387-28918-6_16},
	author = {Wiredu, Gamel}
}
@article {497,
	title = {Special issue on Personal Reflections on Claudio Ciborra{\textquoteright}s life and work},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {./ClaudioSpecialIssue/},
	author = {Antonio Cordella and Edgar A. Whitley and Kallinikos, Jannis}
}
@article {303,
	title = {The Ubiquity and Utility of Resistance: Codesign and Personalization of Information Systems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {321 - 334},
	abstract = {In assessing the positive and negative connotations of ubiquity, this paper favors association with cohabitation and domestication of technology rather than colonization and domination. Unpredicted user responses to technology are often framed as resistance. Despite its ubiquity, resistance remains a neglected topic in information systems research, and belief in technology as {\textquotedblleft}the one true way{\textquotedblright} of solving a problem means that it will often be demonized. Recognition of the powerful nature of IS elucidates sources of resistance: the policies governing the behavior and reactions of users to technology will impinge on the range of user activities deemed to be recalcitrant. This is especially important with the types of technology involved in ubiquitous information environments as they are often used outside of organizations for leisure and social activities. However, one cannot assume that newer mobile technologies deployed to achieve organizational goals will be adopted and used by employees with the degree of success that these technologies have enjoyed in voluntary environments. An alternative approach is advocated: resistance is perceived not as a threat, but as a site for personalization, and local adaptation: users{\textquoteright} subversive acts can play a role in improving the technology; IS failure can be lessened and resistance may ultimately play a role in stabilizing a system. Finally, an argument is made for personalization through user-driven codesign as part of a strategy of utilizing resistance.},
	doi = {10.1007/0-387-28918-6_24},
	author = {Melanie Wilson}
}
@article {526,
	title = {Visiting the red-light zones with Claudio},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {477-479},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {./ClaudioSpecialIssue/Whitley.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {544,
	title = {What impact will the Government{\textquoteright}s identity cards scheme have on society?},
	year = {2005},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {307,
	title = {Wireless Grids: Assessing a New Technology from a User Perspective},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {169 - 181},
	abstract = {The objective of this paper is to assess the value of wireless grids from the perspective of users. In a ubiquitous information environment, wireless grids allow the ad hoc sharing of resources (e.g., microphones, screens, processing power) of edge devices (e.g., mobile phone, laptop, PDA). Wireless grids are one of the emerging wireless communication concepts that have been developed in university and industry research laboratories. So far, literature about wireless grids has tackled some of the technical and policy issues about the technology. This paper provides the first empirical study about wireless grid technology from the user perspective. Using Rogers{\textquoteright} diffusion of innovations model, this paper focuses on the future diffusion of this technology. Using the results of two focus group meetings, we suggest that the introduction of the technology and its future diffusion will be a complex process. The future acceptance and use of this technology requires not only social and mental changes to move from one stage to another in the diffusion process, but also changes in the coordination and pricing mechanisms, and even changes in the technology itself.},
	doi = {10.1007/0-387-28918-6_14},
	author = {McKnight, Lee and Sharif, Raed and van de Wijngaert, Lidwien}
}
@proceedings {458,
	title = {Assessing UK e-government websites: Classification and benchmarking},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Turku School of Economics and Business Administration},
	address = {Turku, Finland},
	isbn = {951-564-192-6},
	url = {ECIS2004.pdf},
	author = {Benjamin Mosse and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Leino, Timo and Saarinen, Timo and Stefan Klein}
}
@booklet {579,
	title = {Book review of "A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Teashops and the World{\textquoteright}s First Office Computer" by Georgina Ferry},
	howpublished = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {102-104},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {ITP2004b.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {581,
	title = {Book review of "Ruling the root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace" by Milton L Mueller and "Internet governance in transition: Who is the master of this domain?" by Daniel J Par{\'e}.},
	howpublished = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {462-463},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {ITP2004a.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {580,
	title = {Book review of "Virtual society? Technology, Cyperbole, Reality" edited by Steve Woolgar},
	howpublished = {British Journal of Sociology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {311-312},
	isbn = {0007-1315},
	url = {BJOS2004.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {229,
	title = {Building Capacity for E-Government: Contradictions and Synergies in the Dialectics of Action Research},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {651 - 652},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_36},
	author = {Wastell, David and Kawalek, Peter and Newman, Mike and Willetts, Mike and Langmead-Jones, Peter}
}
@article {511,
	title = {Configuring peer{\textendash}to{\textendash}peer software: An empirical study of how users react to the regulatory features of software},
	journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {95-102},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {EJIS2004.pdf},
	author = {Adela Mlcakova and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {238,
	title = {Dynamics of Use and Supply: An Analytic Lens for Information Systems Research},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {723 - 734},
	abstract = {This paper describes a dual focus on the dynamics of use and supply as an analytic lens for deconstructing and examining the IT artifact. It then gives an example of the use of this approach in empirical work. Over the last 20 years, most research has focused either on organizational use of information systems or on their development and supply. There is a need to bring these two pictures into combined focus to examine creation, definition, and modification of emergent systems. Building on work in the innovation studies tradition, an analytic lens is developed to examine the evolving IT artifact across the boundaries of use and supply. Its application is demonstrated in a study of virtual reality in the construction sector. Sensemaking in the software organizations that supply virtual reality applications to the sector and in the engineering, design, and construction organizations that use them is explored. The comparison exposed a mismatch of priorities, which poses a challenge to the establishment and continued validity of these applications. The paper concludes by reflecting on how this approach builds on, and may help us extend, existing theoretical understandings of information systems and how research that uses the approach may inform practice.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_50},
	author = {Whyte, Jennifer}
}
@article {241,
	title = {Exposing Best Practices Through Narrative: The ERP Example},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {433 - 451},
	abstract = {The phrase best practice has entered into common parlance in contemporary business discourse, yet recent research has shown that the construction of industry standards and their inscription into software packages is not straightforward. Organizations increasingly find they are bound to accept project outcomes that have emerged as a consequence of negotiations between an installed base of consultancy or software vendor solutions and local context. We adopt a narrative approach to analyze the negotiation of a best practice design during the implementation of an ERP system. Having adopted the position that the IT artifact is part of an ensemble of networked agencies that shift over time, we then use an actor-network perspective to trace the different sources, agencies, and affects of inscription during the ERP project. Doing so highlights the politics involved in localizing an IT artifact and the issues raised when software vendors and sector specific partners collaborate with the intention of manufacturing a commercially viable ERP package intended to represent the embodiment of best practice. The paper contributes to IS research discourse by demonstrating the application of narrative analysis in longitudinal interpretive field studies.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_24},
	author = {Wagner, Erica and Galliers, Robert and Scott, Susan}
}
@article {242,
	title = {From Critical Theory into Information Systems Practice: A Case Study of a Payroll-Personnel System},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {555 - 575},
	abstract = {Modern organizations both in the private and public sector are seen to be increasingly reliant, in terms of achieving improvements and service targets, on the efficient provision of information to enable administrative and managerial decision making. A key barrier to effective ICT introduction and integration of information systems has been identified as the complex social, organizational, and political issues endemic within organizations, preventing true discourse. This paper describes how an approach based upon some of the emancipatory principles of Jurgen Habermas may be used to develop an innovative approach to participative process and information flow modeling. This approach was used within a UK Hospital Trust in the North East of England to facilitate the integration of two departments and the procurement of a computerized payroll-personnel system. The results of the action research project are described and conclusions drawn as to the success of the approach and the role of the systems analyst within this type of project.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_30},
	author = {Waring, Teresa}
}
@article {912,
	title = {The Great Quantitative / Qualitative Debate: The Past, Present, and Future of Positivism and Post-Positivism in Information Systems},
	year = {2004},
	note = {IFIP, International Federation of Information Processing},
	pages = {659-660},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Norwell, MA},
	author = {Michael D. Myers and Straub, Detmar W and Mingers, John and Geoff Walsham},
	editor = {Bonnie Kaplan and Duane P. Truex and Wastell, David and Wood-Harper, A T and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {265,
	title = {The Great Quantitative/Qualitative Debate: The Past, Present, and Future of Positivism and Post-Positivism in Information Systems},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {659 - 660},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_40},
	author = {Myers, Michael and Straub, Detmar and Mingers, John and Geoff Walsham}
}
@inbook {895,
	title = {Hermeneutics in Information Systems Research},
	booktitle = {Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {103-128},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	organization = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	address = {Chichester},
	author = {Michael D. Myers},
	editor = {Mingers, John and Leslie P. Willcocks}
}
@article {250,
	title = {Making Contributions From Interpretive Case Studies: Examining Processes of Construction and Use},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {293 - 312},
	abstract = {In this paper, we examine how contributions are established in interpretive case studies. By focusing on the introductory sections of articles, previous research in the organizational literature has recently shed light on how theorists construct opportunities for making contributions. Our theoretical approach is broader in scope, examining both the construction and use of contributions in all sections of an article. We use this approach to explore how a well-ited IS interpretive case study makes contributions. With respect to constructing contributions, our findings confirm previous strategies suggested by earlier research, and uncover the use of plural strategies. Our analysis of the use of contributions is more unexpected. For example, key theoretical and conceptual contributions that were central to the case study were rarely drawn on and incorporated by later texts. Rather, multiple audiences took up the softer, and simpler, conceptual contributions. Furthermore, our findings categorize a number of different types of referencing used by later texts in incorporating and using contributions, namely mistaken referencing, ambiguous referencing, incorporating into a new term, and related work referencing. We conclude by providing some suggestions as to how IS researchers can make better contributions from interpretive case studies},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_17},
	author = {Michael Barrett and Geoff Walsham}
}
@article {252,
	title = {New Insights into Studying Agency and Information Technology},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {653 - 654},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_37},
	author = {Tony Salvador and Jeremy Rose and Whitley, Edgar and Melanie Wilson}
}
@article {467,
	title = {Panel: New insights into studying agency and information technology},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {653-654},
	publisher = {Kluwer},
	address = {Boston},
	url = {IFIP822004.pdf},
	author = {Tony Salvador and Jeremy Rose and Edgar A. Whitley and Melanie Wilson},
	editor = {Bonnie Kaplan and Duane P. Truex III, and Wastell, David and A. Trevor Wood-Harper and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@booklet {573,
	title = {Sociology of information systems: External programme study guide},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {University of London},
	edition = {First edition},
	address = {London},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {271,
	title = {Theory and Action for Emancipation: Elements of a Critical Realist Approach},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {667 - 674},
	abstract = {Adopting a non-Habermasian critical realist position, this paper seeks to outline some key elements of a realist ontology, on the one hand, and a radical critical stance on the other. The relationship of critical realism to positivism and interpretivism is described, and the case for methodological pluralism made. The elements of realism described are connection of the particular with general, contribution to knowledge, and construction of alternatives. The critical aims entail a commitment to emancipation, a focus on issues of equality and inequality, a questioning of the status quo, and a challenging of ideology. One key conclusion for practice concerns the alliances for researchers with less conservative members of organizations in order to avoid compromise on emancipatory aims. The contribution of the paper is summarized in a concluding table.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_42},
	author = {Melanie Wilson and Greenhill, Anita}
}
@article {273,
	title = {Truth, Journals, and Politics: The Case of the MIS Quarterly},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {103 - 120},
	abstract = {In this paper, we want to demonstrate the way in which regimes of truth at the MIS Quarterly (MISQ) have made it possible for certain types of research to be published there, and others not. The importance of this claim lies in the fact that publication in MISQ is often seen as an indication of status. Furthermore, publication in MISQ also plays an important role in decisions about tenure and promotion. However, the aim of the paper is not to rid MISQ of regimes of truth{\textemdash}this is not possible. The paper will argue, with Foucault, that all institutions always already have their politics of truth. The production of truth is always intimately tied to relations of power which itself depends upon truth for its sustenance. The aim of the paper is to show this intimate connection between truth and power. In particular, in the case of MISQ, we want to question the often-implied legitimacy and status that the MISQ has over and against other high quality journals in the field. Foucault argues that power is most effective when it hides itself. This paper is an attempt to make its face more public and open to scrutiny.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_7},
	author = {Introna, Lucas and Louise Whittaker}
}
@article {272,
	title = {Truth to Tell?},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {699 - 704},
	abstract = {A motivation for the 1984 Manchester conference was to question the applicability of scientific truth tests to the study of socio-technical systems. While most IS researchers now agree that such tests are not appropriate, or at least are not always appropriate, the debate on the use of alternatives continues. This paper examines several truth tests applied to two truth statements in one piece of published research. Since the paper was published in a mainstream IS journal, it is argued that the standard of truth tests applied to this paper is indicative of the standard of truth tests acceptable within the IS community. It is observed that different standards of truth test are applied, for different purposes, at different stages of the review process, reflecting the different purposes and standards of the truth statements made. Whereas the truth tests applied to the first truth statement (an inductive statement reporting the findings of the research) can be read through the text, those applied to the second truth statement (a deductive statement seeking to generalize these research findings) cannot. The observed differences in the application of internal and external validity tests point to the need for greater transparency in the application of this (second) type of truth test to better inform authors, reviewers, and readers alike; thereby improving the quality of truth statements made and of resultant publications.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_47},
	author = {Webb, Brian}
}
@article {841,
	title = {Twenty Years of Applying Grounded Theory in Information Systems: A Coding Method, Useful Theory Generation Method, or an Orthodox Positivist Method of Data Analysis?},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {649-650},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Norwell, MA},
	author = {Bryant, Tony and Hughes, Jim and Michael D. Myers and Trauth, E.M. and Cathy Urquhart},
	editor = {Bonnie Kaplan and Duane P. Truex and Wastell, David and Wood-Harper, A T and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {539,
	title = {What is it like to do an Information Systems PhD in Europe?  Diversity in the practice of IS research},
	journal = {Communications of the AIS},
	volume = {13},
	number = {21},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {317-335},
	isbn = {1529-3181},
	url = {CAIS2004.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Sandra Sieber and Cristina C{\'a}liz and Mary L Darking and Chiara Frigerio and Edoardo Jacucci and Anna N{\"o}teberg and Michael Rill}
}
@article {276,
	title = {Young Turks, Old Guardsmen, and the Conundrum of the Broken Mold: A Progress Report on Twenty Years of Information Systems Research},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1 - 18},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8095-6_1},
	author = {Bonnie Kaplan and Duane P. Truex and Wastell, David and Wood-Harper, A.}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/StandingSSW03,
	title = {Can E-Marketplaces Bridge the Digital Divide?},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {339-353},
	author = {Craig Standing and Ian Sims and Rosemary Stockdale and Arjen Wassenaar}
}
@proceedings {457,
	title = {Configuring peer{\textendash}to{\textendash}peer software: An empirical study of how users react to the regulatory features of software},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Winner of best conference paper prize},
	address = {Naples, Italy},
	url = {ECIS2003.pdf},
	author = {Adela Mlcakova and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Claudio Ciborra and Ricardo Mercurio and Marco de Marco and Marcello Martinez and Andrea Carignani}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/TsiavosHW03,
	title = {The Footprint of Regulation: How Information Systems are Affecting the Sources of Control in a Global Economy},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {355-370},
	author = {Prodromos Tsiavos and Ian Hosein and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/LiuW03,
	title = {ICTs and Organizational Control Across Cultures: The Case of a UK Multinational Operating in China},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {155-168},
	author = {Wei Liu and Chris Westrup}
}
@proceedings {491,
	title = {Panel: What is it like to do an Information Systems PhD in Europe?  Diversity in the practice of IS research},
	year = {2003},
	address = {Naples, Italy},
	url = {ECIS2003PhD.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Sandra Sieber and Mary L Darking and Cristina Caliz and Chiara Frigerio and Anna Noteberg},
	editor = {Claudio Ciborra and Ricardo Mercurio and Marco de Marco and Marcello Martinez and Andrea Carignani}
}
@article {504,
	title = {Regulating Architecture and Architectures of Regulation: Contributions from Information Systems},
	journal = {International Review of Computing Law and Technology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {85-97},
	isbn = {1360-0869},
	url = {IRCLT2003.pdf},
	author = {Ian R Hosein and Prodromos Tsiavos and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {447,
	title = {An Anatomy of European Information Systems Research ECIS 1993-ECIS 2002: Some Initial Findings},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3-18},
	address = {Gdansk, Poland},
	isbn = {83-7326-077-3},
	url = {ECIS2002.pdf},
	author = {Robert D. Galliers and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {S Wrycza}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Westrup02,
	title = {Discourse, Management Fashions, and ERP Systems},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {401-418},
	author = {Chris Westrup}
}
@proceedings {470,
	title = {An exploration of the emergence, development and evolution of regulatory characteristics of Information Systems},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {813-816},
	address = {Barcelona, Spain},
	url = {ICIS2002.pdf},
	author = {Prodromos Tsiavos and Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein},
	editor = {Linda Applegate and Robert D. Galliers and Janice I. De Gross}
}
@booklet {933,
	title = {Global and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology},
	year = {2002},
	note = {IFIP Working Group 8.2 Proceedings, Barcelona, Spain, December 2002},
	pages = {548},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Eleanor H. Wynn and Edgar A. Whitley and Michael D. Myers and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Wagner02,
	title = {Interconnecting Information Systems Narrative Research: An End-to-End Approach for Process-Oriented Field Studies},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {419-435},
	author = {Erica L. Wagner}
}
@inbook {932,
	title = {IT Industry Success in Small Countries: The Cases of Finland and New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Cases on Global IT Applications and Management: Successes and Pitfalls},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {226-251},
	publisher = {Idea Group Publishing},
	organization = {Idea Group Publishing},
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	author = {Watson, Rebecca and Michael D. Myers},
	editor = {Felix B. Tan}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Wastell02,
	title = {Organizational Discourse as a Social Defense: Taming the Tiger of Electronic Government},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {179-195},
	author = {David Graham Wastell}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/IntronaW02,
	title = {The Phenomenology of Information Systems Evaluation: Overcoming the Subject/Object Dualism},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {155-175},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Louise Whittaker}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WynnWM02,
	title = {Placing Language in the Foreground: Themes and Methods in Information Technology Discourse},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1-12},
	author = {Eleanor Wynn and Edgar A. Whitley and Michael D. Myers}
}
@article {828,
	title = {Placing Language in the Foreground: Themes and Methods in Information Technology Discourse},
	year = {2002},
	note = {IFIP Working Group 8.2 Proceedings, Barcelona, Spain, December 2002},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Eleanor H. Wynn and Edgar A. Whitley and Michael D. Myers},
	editor = {Eleanor H. Wynn and Edgar A. Whitley and Michael D. Myers and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@proceedings {453,
	title = {Regulating Architecture and Architectures of Regulation: Contributions from Information Systems},
	number = {xx},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {xx},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	url = {Bileta2002.pdf},
	author = {Ian R Hosein and Prodromos Tsiavos and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {BILETA}
}
@article {505,
	title = {The regulation of electronic commerce: learning from the UK{\textquoteright}s RIP act},
	journal = {Journal of Strategic Information Systems},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {31-58},
	isbn = {0963-8687},
	url = {JSIS2002.pdf},
	author = {Ian R Hosein and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Wilson02,
	title = {Rhetoric of Enrollment and Acts of Resistance: Information Technology as Text},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {225-248},
	author = {Melanie Wilson}
}
@article {509,
	title = {Special issue on Time and information technology: Temporal impacts on individuals, organizations, and society},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	isbn = {0197-2243},
	url = {./timespecialissue/},
	author = {Lee, Heejin and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@inbook {441,
	title = {Studying the translations of NHSnet},
	booktitle = {Advanced topics in end user computing},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {158-176},
	publisher = {Idea Group},
	organization = {Idea Group},
	address = {Hershey},
	isbn = {1-930708-42-4},
	url = {JEUC2001.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Athanasia Pouloudi},
	editor = {Mo Adam Mahmood}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/SorensenWMKHJ01,
	title = {Cultivating Recalcitrance in Information Systems Research},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {297-316},
	author = {Carsten S{\o}rensen and Edgar A. Whitley and Shirin Madon and Dasha Klyachko and Ian Hosein and Justine Johnstone}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WhitleyH01,
	title = {Doing Politics Around Electronic Commerce: Opposing the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {415-438},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian Hosein}
}
@proceedings {483,
	title = {Doing politics around electronic commerce: Opposing the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill},
	year = {2001},
	month = {9-10 July 2001},
	pages = {15},
	address = {Salford, UK},
	url = {IFIP822001Politics.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Ian R Hosein},
	editor = {Alison E. Adam and Debra Howcroft and Helen Richardson and Bruce Robinson}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WynekoopJF01,
	title = {Enterprise Network Design: How Is it Done?},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {87-94},
	author = {Judy L. Wynekoop and David Johnson and Jim Finan}
}
@article {931,
	title = {IT Industry Success in Small Countries: The Cases of Finland and New Zealand},
	journal = {Journal of Global Information Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4-14},
	author = {Watson, Rebecca and Michael D. Myers}
}
@proceedings {449,
	title = {Managing knowledge under conflicting weltanschauungen: Introducing the Danish Unit Model to the Faroe Islands},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {IKON},
	address = {Leicester},
	url = {IKON2001.pdf},
	author = {Heini Hatun and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Chris Carter and Harry Scarbrough and Jacky Swan}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Beynon-DaviesW01,
	title = {Method Diffusion as a Social Movement},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {257-272},
	author = {Paul Beynon-Davies and Michael D. Williams}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Wilson01,
	title = {A New Paradigm for Considering Gender in Information Systems Development Research},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {353-366},
	author = {Melanie Wilson}
}
@booklet {571,
	title = {Sociology and ethics of information systems: External programme study guide},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {University of London},
	edition = {Second edition},
	address = {London},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {536,
	title = {Studying the translations of NHSnet},
	journal = {Journal of End User Computing},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {30-40},
	isbn = {1063-2239},
	url = {JEUC2001.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Athanasia Pouloudi}
}
@article {508,
	title = {About experiments and style: A critique of laboratory research in information systems},
	journal = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {161-173},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {ITP2000.pdf},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {578,
	title = {Book review of "The shape of actions" by Harry Collins and Martin Kusch},
	howpublished = {The Times Higher Education Supplement},
	volume = {June 9th},
	number = {2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {34},
	address = {London},
	url = {THES2000.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {930,
	title = {A Comparison of IT Industry Success in Finland and New Zealand},
	year = {2000},
	month = {1-3 June 2000},
	pages = {414-427},
	address = {Hong Kong},
	author = {Watson, Rebecca and Michael D. Myers}
}
@article {542,
	title = {Dotcompetition: Surviving in e-business},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {12-13},
	url = {LSE2000.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/Walsham00,
	title = {Globalization and IT: Agenda for Research},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195-212},
	author = {Geoff Walsham}
}
@inbook {857,
	title = {Learning and Teaching Qualitative Research: A View from Reference Disciplines of History and Anthropology},
	booktitle = {Organizational and Social Perspectives on Information Technology},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {511-515},
	publisher = {Kluwer},
	organization = {Kluwer},
	address = {Norwell, MA},
	author = {Bonnie Kaplan and Jonathan Liebenau and Michael D. Myers and Eleanor Wynn},
	editor = {Baskerville, R. and Stage, J and DeGross, J I}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/KaplanLMW00,
	title = {Learning and Teaching Qualitative Research: A View from the Reference Disciplines of Anthropology and History},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {511-516},
	author = {Bonnie Kaplan and Jonathan Liebenau and Michael D. Myers and Eleanor Wynn}
}
@proceedings {488,
	title = {Panel: The Y2K date rollover: Experiences and lessons learned from AIS region 2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {561},
	address = {Vienna},
	url = {ECIS2000Y2K.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Angeliki Poulymenakou and Dewald Roode and Gamila Shoib and Gert Jan Hofstede},
	editor = {Hans Robert Hansen and Martin Bichler and Harald Mahrer}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/PouloudiW00,
	title = {Representing Human and Non-human Stakeholders: On Speaking with Authority},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {339-354},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WilsonH00,
	title = {The Role of Gender in User Resistance and Information Systems Failure},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {453-472},
	author = {Melanie Wilson and Debra Howcroft}
}
@booklet {570,
	title = {Sociology and ethics of information systems: External programme study guide},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {University of London},
	edition = {First edition},
	address = {London},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {477,
	title = {Tacit and explicit knowledge: Conceptual confusion around the commodification of knowledge},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {62-64},
	publisher = {BPRC},
	address = {Warwick University},
	url = {BPRC2000.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Jacky Swan and Harry Scarbrough and Rebecca Dale}
}
@proceedings {452,
	title = {What is meant by tacit knowledge: Towards a better understanding of the shape of actions},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {46-51},
	address = {Vienna},
	url = {ECIS2000Tacit.pdf},
	author = {Ted Hedesstrom and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Hans Robert Hansen and Martin Bichler and Harald Mahrer}
}
@proceedings {862,
	title = {IS Action Research: Can We Serve Two Masters?},
	year = {1999},
	month = {12-15 December 1},
	pages = {582-585},
	address = {Charlotte, North Carolina},
	author = {Kock, Ned and Avison, David and Richard Baskerville and Michael D. Myers and Trevor Wood-Harper}
}
@proceedings {479,
	title = {An anti{\textendash}essentialist reading of intranet development: What is the role of technology?},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {97-104},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	address = {York},
	isbn = {0 07 709558 8},
	url = {UKAIS1999.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Shervin Bouzari},
	editor = {Laurence Brooks and Chris Kimble}
}
@booklet {577,
	title = {Book review of "Aramis or the love of technology" by Bruno Latour},
	howpublished = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {405-407},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {ITP1999a.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {576,
	title = {Book review of "The construction of social reality" by John R Searle},
	howpublished = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {403-405},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {ITP1999b.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {476,
	title = {Change? What really happens when new information systems are introduced},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {IFIP 8.2},
	address = {Charlotte, NC},
	url = {IFIP821999b.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Julie E. Kendall}
}
@proceedings {475,
	title = {Escalation and anti-essentialism: A teaching case study},
	volume = {III},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {984-994},
	publisher = {Copenhagen Business School},
	address = {Copenhagen},
	url = {ECIS1999.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Jan Pries-Heje and Claudio Ciborra and Karlheinz Kautz and Josep Valor and Ellen Christiaanse and Avison, David and Claus Heje}
}
@proceedings {474,
	title = {Habermas and the non-humans: Towards a critical theory for the new collective},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {83},
	publisher = {http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconference/documents/Information\%20Tech/Habermas\%20and\%20the\%20non-humans.pdf},
	address = {Manchester},
	url = {CMS1999.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Hugh Willmott and Irena Grugulis}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/HansethSSW99,
	title = {Re-evaluating Power in Information Rich Organizations: New Theories and Approaches},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {297-298},
	author = {Ole Hanseth and Scott, Susan and Leiser Silva and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {548,
	title = {Social theory and Y2K},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	month = {November},
	pages = {6},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Lucas D. Introna}
}
@article {525,
	title = {Understanding participation in entrepreneurial organisations: Some hermeneutic readings},
	journal = {Journal of information technology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {193-202},
	isbn = {0268-3962},
	url = {JIT1999.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {538,
	title = {Creating and maintaining obligations with emerging technologies: An empirical study of mediated and face-to-face communication},
	journal = {Journal of computing and information technology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {343-353},
	isbn = {1330-1136},
	url = {JCIT1998.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Rachael Scothern}
}
@article {914,
	title = {Guest Editorial: Exemplifying Interpretive Research in Information Systems: An Overview},
	journal = {Journal of Information Technology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {233-234},
	keywords = {special issue, interpretive},
	author = {Michael D. Myers and Geoff Walsham}
}
@proceedings {473,
	title = {Method-ism in practice: Investigating the relationship between method and understanding in web page design},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {68-75},
	publisher = {ICIS},
	address = {Helsinki, Finland},
	url = {ICIS1998.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Rudy Hirschheim and Michael Newman and Janice I. De Gross}
}
@proceedings {442,
	title = {Panel: Doing and writing up case research: Issues and practices},
	volume = {IV},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1751},
	publisher = {Euro-Arab Management School},
	address = {Aix-en-Provence, France},
	isbn = {84-923833-0-5},
	url = {ECIS1998Panel.pdf},
	author = {Ellen Christiaanse and Ramon O{\textquoteright}Callaghan and Edgar A. Whitley and Willcocks, Leslie},
	editor = {Walter Baets}
}
@article {535,
	title = {Special issue on Heidegger and information technology},
	journal = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {./heideggerspecialissue/},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Lucas D. Introna}
}
@inbook {910,
	title = {Theoretical Frameworks: Valuable Aids or Seductive Traps?},
	booktitle = {Information Systems: Current Issues and Future Changes},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {303-305},
	publisher = {IFIP},
	organization = {IFIP},
	address = {Laxenburg},
	author = {Michael D. Myers and Dan Robey and Chris Sauer and Geoff Walsham},
	editor = {Larsen, Tor J and Levine, Linda and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@proceedings {472,
	title = {Understanding participation in entrepreneurial organisations: Applying the sociology of translation},
	volume = {III},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1225-1237},
	publisher = {Euro-Arab Management School},
	address = {Aix-en-Provence, France},
	isbn = {84-923833-0-5},
	url = {ECIS1998.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Walter Baets}
}
@article {278919,
	title = {Actor-network theory and IS research: current status and future prospects},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {466{\textendash}480},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall, Ltd.},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA, USA},
	isbn = {0-412-82360-8},
	author = {Walsham, G.}
}
@article {506,
	title = {Against method-},
	journal = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {31-45},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {ITP1997Method.pdf},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {507,
	title = {Against method-},
	journal = {Logistics information management},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {235-245},
	isbn = {0957-6053},
	url = {ITP1997Method.pdf},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {278903,
	title = {Constituting users in requirements techniques},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {182{\textendash}204},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall, Ltd.},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA, USA},
	isbn = {0-412-82360-8},
	author = {Westrup, C.}
}
@proceedings {490,
	title = {Creating and maintaining obligations: An empirical study of mediated and face{\textendash}to{\textendash}face communication},
	volume = {II},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {801-815},
	publisher = {Cork Publishing Ltd},
	address = {Cork},
	isbn = {1-86076-953-5},
	url = {ECIS1997.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Rachael Scothern},
	editor = {Robert D. Galliers and Ciaran Murphy and Sven Carlsson and Claudia Loebbecke and Hans Robert Hansen and Ramon O{\textquoteright}Callaghan}
}
@proceedings {917,
	title = {Ethnographic Research in Information Systems: An Exploration of Three Alternative Approaches to Ethnography},
	year = {1997},
	month = {14-17 December 1},
	address = {Atlanta, Georgia},
	author = {Ojelanki K. Ngwenyama and Harvey, Lynda and Michael D. Myers and Eleanor Wynn}
}
@article {278920,
	title = {Imagine: thought experiments in information systems research},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {481{\textendash}496},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall, Ltd.},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA, USA},
	isbn = {0-412-82360-8},
	author = {Introna, L. D. and Whitley, E. A.}
}
@inbook {837,
	title = {The Impact of Action Research on Information Systems},
	booktitle = {Information Systems and Qualitative Research},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	organization = {Chapman and Hall},
	address = {London},
	author = {Richard Baskerville and Michael D. Myers and Nielson, Peter Axel and Trevor Wood-Harper},
	editor = {Allen S. Lee and Jonathan Liebenau and Janice I. DeGross}
}
@article {523,
	title = {In cyberspace all they see is your words: a review of the relationship between body, behaviour and identity drawn from the sociology of knowledge},
	journal = {Information technology and people},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {147-163},
	isbn = {0959-3845},
	url = {ITP1997Identity.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {524,
	title = {In cyberspace all they see is your words: a review of the relationship between body, behaviour and identity drawn from the sociology of knowledge},
	journal = {OCLC Systems and services},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {152-163},
	isbn = {1065-075X},
	url = {ITP1997Identity.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {278895,
	title = {Panel{\textendash}-the impact of action research on information systems},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69},
	publisher = {Chapman \& Hall, Ltd.},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA, USA},
	isbn = {0-412-82360-8},
	author = {Baskerville, R. and Myers, M. and Nielsen, P. A. and Wood-Harper, T.}
}
@article {517,
	title = {Stakeholder identification in inter-organizational systems: Gaining insights for drug use management systems},
	journal = {European journal of information systems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1-14},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {EJIS1997.pdf},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {492,
	title = {Studying the involved computer user: A phenomenological approach},
	year = {1997},
	month = {August 15-17},
	pages = {327-329},
	address = {Indianapolis, Indiana},
	url = {AMCIS1997.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Julika Siemer and Lucas D. Introna},
	editor = {JND Gupta}
}
@proceedings {460,
	title = {Applying stakeholder analysis to inter-organisational systems in the context of health care in the UK},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {51-64},
	publisher = {Stakes},
	address = {Finland},
	isbn = {951-33-0230-X},
	url = {HUSITA1996.pdf},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Bryan Glastonbury}
}
@article {522,
	title = {Confusion, social knowledge and the design of intelligent machines},
	journal = {Journal of experimental and theoretical artificial intelligence},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3/4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {365-381},
	isbn = {0952-813X},
	url = {JETAI1996.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {516,
	title = {Discussing the role of information systems in the  manifestation of organizational and inter-organizational conflict},
	journal = {Systemist},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {217-238},
	isbn = {0961-8309},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {547,
	title = {How do you make a deal when you can{\textquoteright}t shake hands?},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	month = {June},
	pages = {32,34},
	isbn = {1363-979X},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Lucas D. Introna}
}
@proceedings {455,
	title = {Information systems as a social science? The individual perspective},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {814-816},
	publisher = {AIS},
	address = {Phoenix, Arizona},
	url = {AMCIS1996.pdf},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Jane M Carey}
}
@proceedings {462,
	title = {Managing information systems conflict: From the organizational to the interorganizational context},
	year = {1996},
	address = {Milton Keynes},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {904,
	title = {The Merits Of Three Qualitative Research Methods},
	year = {1996},
	month = {15-18 December 1},
	address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
	author = {Michael D. Myers and Heinz K. Klein and Truex, Duane and Eleanor Wynn}
}
@proceedings {463,
	title = {Privacy of electronic medical records: Understanding conflicting concerns},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {307-327},
	address = {Madrid, Spain},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {P Barroso and T W Bynum and S Rogerson and L Joyanes}
}
@proceedings {461,
	title = {Stakeholder analysis as a longitudinal approach to interorganizational systems analysis},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {33-44},
	address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
	isbn = {972-8093-12-8},
	url = {ECIS1996.pdf},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {J Dias Coelho and Tawfik Jelassi and Wolfgang K{\"o}nig and Helmut Krcmar and Ramon O{\textquoteright}Callaghan and Markku S{\"a}{\"a}ksjarvi}
}
@proceedings {454,
	title = {Thinking about obligations in electronically mediated communication},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {University of Hohenheim},
	address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
	url = {SISnet1996.pdf},
	author = {Lucas D. Introna and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Helmut Krcmar and B Schwarzer}
}
@article {514,
	title = {The effect of personal computers on the environment: Design, manufacture and use},
	journal = {International journal of manufacturing system design},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {219-232},
	isbn = {0218-3382},
	url = {IJMSD1995.pdf},
	author = {Yoni Perl and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {513,
	title = {The environmental contribution of personal computers: A state of the art report},
	journal = {Computers and Society},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {6-8},
	isbn = {0095-2737},
	url = {CandS1995.pdf},
	author = {Yoni Perl and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {459,
	title = {Using stakeholder analysis to explore the environment of drug{\textendash}use management systems},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {307-319},
	address = {Athens, Greece},
	isbn = {960-306-128-X},
	url = {ECIS1995.pdf-},
	author = {Athanasia Pouloudi and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Georgios I. Doukidis and Robert D. Galliers and Tawfik Jelassi and Helmut Krcmar and F Land}
}
@proceedings {480,
	title = {Information Systems: Social Technology in Social Systems},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {771-776},
	publisher = {Nijenrode University Press},
	address = {Nijenrode University, The Netherlands},
	isbn = {90{\textendash}73314{\textendash}24{\textendash}0},
	url = {ECIS1994.pdf-},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Susan Darking},
	editor = {Walter Baets}
}
@inbook {845,
	title = {Scholarship and practice: the contribution of ethnographic research methods to bridging the gap},
	booktitle = {Business Process Re-Engineering: Information Systems Opportunities and Challenges},
	year = {1994},
	note = {IFIP Transactions A: Computer Science and Technology, Vol. A-54},
	pages = {239-248},
	publisher = {North Holland},
	organization = {North Holland},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Lynda Davies and Michael D. Myers},
	editor = {B.C. Glasson and I.T. Hawryszkiewycz and B.A. Underwood and R.A. Weber}
}
@article {521,
	title = {Special issue of papers from the First European Conference on Information Systems},
	journal = {Computing and information technology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	isbn = {1330-1136},
	url = {./JCITSpecialIssue},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@inbook {438,
	title = {Spreadsheet module},
	booktitle = {Manual for training in research and innovation management},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	organization = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	isbn = {981-02-1653-X981-02-1653-X},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Augusto Forti}
}
@article {528,
	title = {Using problem structuring methods to assist in information systems strategy development: A case study},
	journal = {Journal of Computing and Information Technology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {273-284},
	isbn = {1330-1136},
	url = {./JCITSpecialIssue/Whitley.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Doukaki, Ioulia}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WillcocksL93,
	title = {How Do Organizations Evaluate and Control Information Systems Investments? Recent UK Survey Evidence},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15-39},
	author = {Leslie P. Willcocks and Stephanie Lester}
}
@book {435,
	title = {Proceedings of the First European Conference on Information Systems},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {Operational Research Society},
	organization = {Operational Research Society},
	address = {Birmingham},
	isbn = {0903440 07 5},
	url = {http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/ECIS1993.htm},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {572,
	title = {Software Engineering: External programme study guide},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {University of London},
	edition = {Second edition},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0718711386},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {481,
	title = {Using problem structuring methods to assist in information systems strategy development: A case study},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {464-474},
	publisher = {Operational Research Society},
	address = {Henley-on-Thames},
	isbn = {0903440 07 5},
	url = {ECIS1993.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Doukaki, Ioulia},
	editor = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/WynekoopSC92,
	title = {The Implementation of Case Tools: An Innovation Diffusion Approach},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25-41},
	author = {Judy L. Wynekoop and James A. Senn and Sue A. Conger}
}
@article {518,
	title = {Knowledge acquisition for organisational problem solving: Developing expert systems and beyond},
	journal = {Expert systems with applications},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1,2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {121-130},
	isbn = {0957-4174/92},
	url = {ESWA1992.pdf},
	author = {Angeliki Poulymenakou and Tony Cornford and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {DBLP:conf/ifip8-2/JonesW92,
	title = {The Limits of the Knowable: Organizational and Design Knowledge in Systems Development},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {195-213},
	author = {Matthew Jones and Geoff Walsham}
}
@article {537,
	title = {The Spring model for knowledge based systems analysis: A case study},
	journal = {Data Base},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1-5},
	isbn = {0095-0033},
	url = {Database1992.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Angeliki Poulymenakou and Tony Cornford}
}
@booklet {575,
	title = {Book review of "Artificial experts: Social knowledge and intelligent machines" by H M Collins},
	howpublished = {Journal of the Operational Research Society},
	volume = {42},
	number = {12},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1123-1124},
	isbn = {0160-5682},
	url = {JORS1991.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@booklet {574,
	title = {Book review of "Building knowledge based systems: Towards a methodology" by John S Edwards},
	howpublished = {European Journal of Information Systems},
	volume = {1},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {298},
	isbn = {0960-085X},
	url = {EJIS1991.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {444,
	title = {Knowledge acquisition for SMESPRIT: An expert system to advise small and medium sized enterprises about their use of information technology},
	year = {1991},
	address = {Barcelona},
	url = {ESBC1991.pdf},
	author = {Tony Cornford and Angeliki Poulymenakou and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {487,
	title = {The Spring model for knowledge based systems analysis: A case study involving small and medium sized enterprises},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {346-351},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	isbn = {{\textendash}8186{\textendash}2250{\textendash}4},
	url = {IEEE1991.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Angeliki Poulymenakou and Tony Cornford},
	editor = {Jerald Feinstein and Elias M. Awad and Larry Medsker and Efrain Turban}
}
@article {520,
	title = {Two approaches to developing expert systems: A consideration of formal and semi-formal domains},
	journal = {AI \& Society},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {110-127},
	isbn = {0951{\textendash}5666},
	url = {AISociety1991.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@mastersthesis {569,
	title = {Embedding expert systems in semi-formal domains: Examining the boundaries of the knowledge base},
	year = {1990},
	school = {London School of Economics and Political Science},
	address = {London},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@proceedings {471,
	title = {Expert systems: True support for the process of decision making},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {123-140},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	address = {Orlando, Florida},
	isbn = {0-8979-416-3},
	url = {SIGBDP1990Support.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Elias M. Awad}
}
@proceedings {466,
	title = {Knowledge acquisition to facilitate organisational problem solving},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {181-188},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	address = {Orlando, Florida},
	isbn = {0-8979-416-3},
	url = {SIGBDP1990Facilitate.pdf},
	author = {Angeliki Poulymenakou and Tony Cornford and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Elias M. Awad}
}
@proceedings {465,
	title = {Pragmatic considerations for effective knowledge acquisition: The case of business expert systems},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {237-246},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	address = {Orlando, Florida},
	isbn = {0-8979-416-3},
	url = {SIGBDP1990Pragmatic.pdf},
	author = {Angeliki Poulymenakou and Tony Cornford and Edgar A. Whitley},
	editor = {Elias M. Awad}
}
@proceedings {482,
	title = {An expert system to assist in filing Income Tax returns: The case of Indian Income Tax},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {115-129},
	publisher = {Learned Information},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0 904 93371 7},
	url = {IESC1989.pdf},
	author = {Edgar A. Whitley and Georgios I. Doukidis and Ashwajit Singh}
}
@book {434,
	title = {Developing expert systems},
	year = {1988},
	publisher = {Chartwell-Bratt},
	organization = {Chartwell-Bratt},
	address = {Bromley},
	isbn = {0-86238-196-7},
	author = {Georgios I. Doukidis and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {500,
	title = {Developing and running expert systems with PESYS},
	journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {189-199},
	isbn = {0167-739X},
	url = {FGCS1988.pdf},
	author = {Georgios I. Doukidis and Edgar A. Whitley}
}
@article {Fitzgerald,
	title = {{Information Systems Research Methodology: An Introduction to the Debate}},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	publisher = {Elsevier Publishers},
	author = {Guy Fitzgerald and Rudy Hirschheim and Enid Mumford and Trevor Wood-Harper}
}
@article {white,
	title = {{Perceptions and Deceptions: Issues for Information Systems Research}},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {227{\textendash}234},
	publisher = {Elsevier Publishers},
	author = {Kathy Brittain White}
}
@article {wood1985research,
	title = {{Research methods in information systems: using action research}},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {161{\textendash}180},
	publisher = {Elsevier Publishers},
	author = {Trevor Wood-Harper}
}
